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<font> <font color="blue"> | <font> <font color="blue"> ãÃÂüÃÂñý </font></font> | ||
Universe | Universe | ||
Γραμμή 6: | Γραμμή 7: | ||
ÃÂïýñù ÃÂÿ "ÃÂûÿý" ô÷û. ÿÃÂùôîÃÂÿÃÂõ ÃÂ
ÃÂìÃÂÃÂõù, (î ÃÂ
ÃÂîÃÂÃÂõ î øñ ÃÂ
ÃÂìÃÂþõù), ÿÃÂÿÃÂ
ôîÃÂÿÃÂõ. | |||
[[Image:Universe02-goog.jpg|thumb|160px| | [[Image:Universe02-goog.jpg|thumb|160px|ãÃÂüÃÂñý - ÃÂñûûùÃÂõÃÂýùúî ÃÂýñÃÂñÃÂìÃÂÃÂñÃÂ÷ (ÃÂñýõïÃÂ, òÃÂòñùñ, ôõý üÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂõ ÃÂÿÃÂàýñ ûìòõù üïñ "ÃÂÃÂ
ýÿûùúî ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿóÃÂñÃÂïñ" ÃÂÿÃÂ
ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàúñøÃÂàøñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂõ ýñ òÃÂõøõï ÃÂþàñÃÂàñÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂ, ÃÂÃÂìóüñ ûÿóùúì ñôÃÂýñÃÂÿ).]] | ||
== | ==ÃÂÃÂùÃÂüÿï== | ||
[[Image:Universe01-goog.jpg|thumb|160px| | [[Image:Universe01-goog.jpg|thumb|160px|ãÃÂüÃÂñý - æÃÂÃÂÿóÃÂìÃÂ÷ÃÂ÷ õýÃÂàüùúÃÂÿàÃÂüîüñÃÂÃÂàÃÂÿÃÂ
]] | ||
ÃÂïýñù ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂýÿûÿ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂõÃÂùûñüòìýõù ÃÂÿý [[çÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ|çÃÂÃÂÿ]] úñù ÃÂÿý [[çÃÂÃÂýÿÃÂ|çÃÂÃÂýÿ]], úñøÃÂàúñù ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂ
ÃÂìÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂñ [[ÃÂû÷]] úñù [[ÃÂýÃÂÃÂóõùñ]] úñÃÂì ÃÂÃÂ
ýÃÂÃÂõùñ ôõý üÃÂÿÃÂõï ýñ ýÿ÷øõï ýñ ÃÂ
ÃÂìÃÂÃÂõù ÿÃÂùôîÃÂÿÃÂõ õúÃÂÃÂàÃÂÿÃÂ
ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàî ÃÂÃÂùý úñù üõÃÂì ñÃÂàñÃÂ
ÃÂàôõôÿüÃÂýÿÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÿ "[[ÃÂÃÂýÿûÿ]]" ôõ üÃÂÿÃÂõï ýñ õïýñù úñù "ÃÂ
ÃÂÿÃÂÃÂýÿûÿ". | |||
ÃÂõ ñÃÂûÃÂàûÃÂþõùÃÂ, õïýñù ÃÂÿ [[ÃÂÃÂýÿûÿ]] ÃÂÃÂý ÃÂ
ÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂýÃÂÃÂý [[ÃÂÃÂ
ÃÂìýùÿ ãÃÂüñ|ÃÂÃÂ
ÃÂìýùÃÂý ãÃÂüìÃÂÃÂý]]. àÿýÿüñÃÂïñ ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂùÿÃÂïöõù ÃÂÿ ÿÃÂ
ÃÂìýùÿ ÃÂÃÂ
ýÃÂûÿ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂõÃÂùÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂñ ÿÃÂ
ÃÂìýùñ ÃÂÃÂüñÃÂñ ÃÂÿÃÂ
üõÃÂñþàÃÂÿÃÂ
àÃÂõÃÂùûñüòìýõÃÂñù úñù ÷ [[ÃÂ÷]]. | |||
== | ==ÃÂùÃÂñóÃÂóî== | ||
à[[ÃÂ÷]], ÿ [[ÃÂûùÿÃÂ]], ÃÂÿ [[ÃÂûùñúàãÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷üñ]], ñúÃÂü÷ úñù ñÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂàÿ [[ÃÂñûñþïñÃÂ]] ÃÂÃÂÿý ÿÃÂÿïÿ ñýîúÿÃÂ
üõ, ôõý ñýÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂõù ÃÂñÃÂì ÃÂýñ ñÃÂõùÃÂÿõûìÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂÿÃÂÿÃÂÃÂàÃÂÿÃÂ
ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ. | |||
ãÃÂ÷ý ÃÂÃÂñóüñÃÂùúÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ ÃÂÿ üÃÂóõøÿàÃÂÿÃÂ
ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàõïýñù ñÃÂÃÂûû÷ÃÂÃÂÿ óùñ ÃÂÿý úÿùýàýÿÃÂ. | |||
àÃÂÃÂÿÃÂûõÃÂ
ÃÂ÷, ÷ óÃÂýõÃÂ÷, ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂîüñ úñù ÷ ÷ûùúïñ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàñýñÃÂÃÂÿÃÂôùÿÃÂïöÿýÃÂñù ñýìûÿóñ üõÃÂ÷ý õÃÂùúÃÂñÃÂÿÃÂÃÂñ, úñÃÂì õÃÂÿÃÂî, øõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂֈ[[ÃÂÿÃÂüÿûÿóïñ|ÃÂÿÃÂüÿûÿóïñÃÂ]]. | |||
== | ==ãÃÂõÃÂùúÃÂàÃÂÃÂùÃÂÃÂîüõÃÂ== | ||
ÃÂÃÂÃÂùúì, ÃÂÃÂùàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂóÿýõàúÿùýÃÂýïõÃÂ, ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý îÃÂñý ñýÃÂùúõïüõýÿ ÃÂÃÂý ûñÃÂúÃÂý ôÿþñÃÂùÃÂý úñù ÃÂֈÃÂñóõïñÃÂ. ÃÂÃÂñý ÃÂüÃÂÃÂ, ÿÃÂóñýÃÂø÷úñý ÿù úÿùýÃÂýïõàÃÂÃÂÃÂõ ÷ ÃÂýýÿùñ ñÃÂ
ÃÂî (úñøÃÂàîÃÂñý úÃÂïÃÂùü÷àÃÂ÷üñÃÂïñàóùñ ÃÂ÷ý úÿùýÃÂýùúî ÃÂñûùýñóÃÂó÷ÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂû÷øÃÂ
ÃÂüÿÃÂ) ÃÂÃÂÃÂñÃÂõ ÃÂÃÂ÷ý ñÃÂÃÂûÃÂ
ÃÂ÷ úñù ñôùñüÃÂùÃÂòîÃÂ÷ÃÂ÷ ñÃÂüÿôùÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ ÃÂֈ[[ÃÂõÿûÿóïñ|ÃÂõÿûÿóïñÃÂ]]. | |||
ÃÂÃÂóÃÂÃÂõÃÂñ, ÃÂÃÂ÷ý àÃÂÃÂùü÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂñùÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ, ÃÂÃÂñý ÷ ÿÃÂøÿûÿóùÃÂÃÂùúî ñýøÃÂÃÂÃÂùý÷ óýÃÂÃÂ÷ ìÃÂÃÂùöõ ýñ ñýñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂñù, ÷ ÃÂýýÿùñ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàõùÃÂîûøõ ÃÂÃÂ÷ý ÃÂÃÂñïÃÂñ ÃÂ÷àæùûÿÃÂÿÃÂïñàúñù ÃÂֈ[[ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿûÿóïñ|ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿûÿóïñÃÂ]]. | |||
ãÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂñùÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ, ÃÂÃÂ÷ý ÃÂûûìôñ, ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ [[õÃÂùÃÂÃÂîü÷]], ÷ [[ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýÿüïñ]] ôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂïÃÂø÷úõ ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý [[ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿûÿóïñ]] úñù ñýÃÂûñòõ üõ ÃÂÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂ÷üñÃÂùúÃÂÃÂõÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂ÷ý üõûÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ. | |||
ãÃÂ÷ý ÃÂõÃÂñùÃÂýùúî ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂî úñù ÃÂÃÂ÷ý ÃÂýñóÃÂýý÷ÃÂ÷ ìÃÂÃÂùÃÂõ üïñ ìûû÷ õÃÂùÃÂÃÂîü÷, ÷ æÃÂ
ÃÂùúî (ÃÂñûùûñïÿÃÂ, ÃÂõÃÂÃÂÃÂý), ýñ ñÃÂÃÂÿûõïÃÂñù üõ ÿÃÂ
ÃÂìýùñ øÃÂüñÃÂñ úñù òñøüùñïñ õÃÂÃÂòñûûõ ÃÂ÷ý úÃÂ
ÃÂùñÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂֈÃÂõ ñÃÂ
ÃÂì. | |||
ãÃÂ÷ý ãÃÂóÃÂÃÂÿý÷ ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂî üïñ ÃÂûõùìôñ õùôùúÃÂý õÃÂùÃÂÃÂ֟ÃÂý (øÃÂ
óñÃÂÃÂùúÃÂàÃÂ÷àæÃÂ
ÃÂùúîàúñù ÃÂֈÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýÿüïñÃÂ) ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ
ý ñýñûìòõù ÃÂ÷ý, ñÃÂÃÂûÃÂ
ÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂ÷üñÃÂùúî ÃÂûÃÂÿý, üõûÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ. | |||
ÃÂõÃÂùúÃÂàñÃÂàñÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂàõïýñù: | |||
÷ [[ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂ
ÃÂùúî]], ÷ [[ÃÂÿÃÂüÿûÿóïñ]], ÷ [[ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿòùÿûÿóïñ]], ÷ [[ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýñÃÂ
ÃÂùúî]] ú.ñ. | |||
== | ==ÃÂÿÃÂüùúÃÂàÃÂýÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂõÃÂ== | ||
ÃÂÃÂùôîÃÂÿÃÂõ ÃÂ
ÃÂìÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý øõÃÂÃÂõïÃÂñù ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÃÂ
ýïÃÂÃÂñÃÂñù ñÃÂàüõÃÂùúÃÂà(ÃÂþù) ÃÂõüõûùÃÂôõùàÃÂÿÃÂüùúÃÂà[[ÿýÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ|ÃÂýÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂõÃÂ]]. ÃÂÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂàõïýñù: | |||
* | * ÿ [[çÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ]] (ÃÂù ÃÂÃÂ
ýîøõùàôùñÃÂÃÂìÃÂõùàÃÂÿÃÂ
õïýñù ÃÂÃÂõïàñûûì ÃÂ
ÃÂìÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ
ý ÃÂÿûûÃÂàÃÂùøñýÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂõàýñ ÃÂÃÂõù úñù ìûûõÃÂ). | ||
* | * ÿ [[çÃÂÃÂýÿÃÂ]] (àÃÂÃÂ
ýîø÷àôùñÃÂÃÂìÃÂî ÃÂÿÃÂ
õïýñù üïñ ñûûì ÃÂ
ÃÂìÃÂÃÂõù üïñ üùúÃÂî ÃÂùøñýÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ ýñ ÃÂÃÂõù úñù ìûûõÃÂ). | ||
* | * ÷ [[ÃÂû÷]] (ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂõûõï ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂñÃÂùúàÃÂûÃÂý ÃÂÃÂý ÃÂ
ÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂýÃÂÃÂý ÃÂÃÂüìÃÂÃÂý. ãÃÂ
üÃÂõÃÂùûñüòìýõù ÃÂûõàÃÂ÷àüÿÃÂÃÂÃÂàÃÂ÷ÃÂ, ÃÂÃÂ
ýîø÷, ÃÂúÿÃÂõùýî, ñýÃÂùÃÂû÷). | ||
* | * ÷ [[ÃÂýÃÂÃÂóõùñ]] (ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂõûõï ÃÂ÷ý ñùÃÂïñ ÃÂûÃÂý ÃÂÃÂý ÃÂñùýÿüÃÂýÃÂý. ãÃÂ
üÃÂõÃÂùûñüòìýõù ÃÂûõàÃÂùàüÿÃÂÃÂÃÂàÃÂ÷àô÷û. ÃÂúÃÂùýÿòÿûïñ, àõôïñ, ÃÂûû÷ûõÃÂùôÃÂìÃÂõùÃÂ, ãúÿÃÂõùýî ÃÂýÃÂÃÂóõùñ). | ||
ãõ ñÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂàÃÂùàÿýÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂõàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõù ýñ ÃÂÃÂ
üõÃÂùû÷ÃÂøÿÃÂý ìûûõàôÃÂÿ, ñý øÃÂûÿÃÂ
üõ ýñ õýÃÂÃÂüñÃÂÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ
üõ ÃÂÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý úñù ÃÂ÷ý [[ÃÂû÷ÃÂÿÃÂÿÃÂïñ]] ô÷û. ÃÂñ "üñø÷üñÃÂùúì" ÃÂÿÃÂ
. | |||
* | *ÿ "ÃÂùñúÃÂùÃÂÃÂàÃÂÿóùÃÂüÃÂÃÂ" ÃÂÿÃÂ
üõûõÃÂìÃÂñù ñÃÂàÃÂñ ÃÂùñúÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂñø÷üñÃÂùúì úñù ÃÂ÷ý àû÷ÃÂÿÃÂÿÃÂùúî úñù úÃÂ
ÃÂùñÃÂÃÂõïÃÂñù ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ÃÂýýÿùñ ÃÂ÷ý ôùñúÃÂùÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñà(ÃÂÃÂÃÂàÃÂ.ÃÂ., ñÃÂùøüÿï, ÃÂÃÂýÿûñ, bits) | ||
* | *ÿ "ãÃÂ
ýõÃÂîàÃÂÿóùÃÂüÃÂÃÂ" ÃÂÿÃÂ
üõûõÃÂìÃÂñù ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ÃÂýìûÃÂ
ÃÂ÷ (ÃÂÃÂ. ôùñÃÂÿÃÂùúÃÂàúñù ÿûÿúû÷ÃÂÃÂÃÂùúÃÂàûÿóùÃÂüÃÂÃÂ) úñù úÃÂ
ÃÂùñÃÂÃÂõïÃÂñù ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ÃÂýýÿùñ ÃÂֈÃÂÃÂ
ýÃÂÃÂõùñÃÂ. | ||
ÃÂûõàÿù ÃÂÃÂÿñýñÃÂõÃÂøõïÃÂõàÿýÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂõàôõý õïýñù õÃÂñúÃÂùòÃÂàúñøÿÃÂùÃÂüÃÂýõàúñù ñýõþìÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂõàüõÃÂñþàÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂ. à[[æÃÂ
ÃÂùúî]] ÃÂÃÂõù ñÃÂÿôõïþõù ÃÂÃÂù ÷ ÃÂýÃÂÃÂóõùñ üÃÂÿÃÂõï ýñ üõÃÂñÃÂÃÂñÃÂõï ÃÂõ ÃÂû÷. | |||
ÃÂÃÂïÃÂֈÃÂÿ [[ÃÂñÃÂÃÂ
ÃÂùúààõôïÿ]] (üÿÃÂÃÂî õýÃÂÃÂóõùñÃÂ) üÃÂÿÃÂõï ýñ õüÃÂñýùÃÂøõï ÃÂàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂòûÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿÃÂ
çÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ
. | |||
[[image:UniverseExpansion-wik.png|thumb| | [[image:UniverseExpansion-wik.png|thumb|àõþÃÂûùþ÷ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàúñÃÂì õÃÂïÃÂõôñ ÃÂÿûÃÂ
ÃÂûÿúÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñÃÂ]] | ||
ÃÂùñ ýñ ñýÃÂùû÷ÃÂøõï úñýõïàÃÂùàÃÂÿÃÂüùúÃÂàÃÂýÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂõàñÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõù ýñ øõÃÂÃÂîÃÂõù ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ÃÂàüïñ ÃÂÿûÃÂ
úñÃÂÿùúïñ. | |||
äÃÂÃÂõ üÃÂÿÃÂõï ýñ úìýõù ÃÂùàõþîàñýÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿùÃÂïõÃÂ: | |||
* | *à"çÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ" ñýÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿùÃÂõï ÃÂÃÂÿ ÿùúÃÂÃÂõôÿ ÃÂÿÃÂ
úÃÂïÃÂüñÃÂÿÃÂ. | ||
* | *à"çÃÂÃÂýÿÃÂ" ñýÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿùÃÂõï ÃÂÃÂ÷ý ÃÂÃÂÿýùúî ôùìÃÂúõùñ ÃÂֈÃÂÿûÃÂ
úñÃÂÿùúïñà(ñÃÂàÃÂÿ úÃÂïÃÂùüÿ ÃÂÃÂàÃÂ÷ý úñÃÂõôìÃÂùÃÂ÷). | ||
* | *à"ÃÂû÷" ñýÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿùÃÂõï ÃÂÃÂñ ÿùúÿôÿüùúì ÃÂ
ûùúì (ÃÂ.ÃÂ. ÃÂÿÃÂòûñ) | ||
* | *à"ÃÂýÃÂÃÂóõùñ" ñýÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿùÃÂõï ÃÂÃÂ÷ý ûìÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂ
ýôÃÂõù ÃÂñ ÃÂÿÃÂòûñ. | ||
* | *à"ãÃÂ
ýõÃÂîàÃÂÿóùÃÂüÃÂÃÂ" ñýÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿùÃÂõï ÃÂÃÂùàóÃÂñüüÃÂàÃÂÃÂý "ñÃÂÃÂùÃÂõúÃÂÿýùúÃÂý ÃÂÃÂõôïÃÂý" ÃÂÿÃÂ
ü÷ÃÂñýùúÿàüõ òìÃÂ÷ ÃÂñ ÿÃÂÿïñ úÃÂïöõÃÂñù ÃÂÿ ÿùúÿôÃÂü÷üñ. | ||
* | *à"ÃÂùñúÃÂùÃÂÃÂàÃÂÿóùÃÂüÃÂÃÂ" ñýÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿùÃÂõï ÃÂÃÂùàüõÃÂÃÂîÃÂõùàÃÂÃÂý ü÷úÃÂý ÃÂÃÂý óÃÂñüüÃÂý ñÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂý (ô÷û ÃÂÃÂùàñÃÂùøü÷ÃÂùúÃÂàÃÂùüÃÂàÃÂÃÂ. 10 üÃÂÃÂÃÂñ). | ||
ÃÂàÃÂ÷üõùÃÂøõï õÃÂùÃÂûÃÂÿý, ÃÂÃÂù ÿù ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÿù (ÃÂñ ÃÂñÃÂÃÂüñÃÂñ) ÃÂֈÃÂÿûÃÂ
úñÃÂÿùúïñàñýÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿùÃÂÿÃÂý ÃÂÃÂñ õÃÂïÃÂõôñ õþÃÂûùþ÷àÃÂÿÃÂ
ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂõÃÂùóÃÂìÃÂÿýÃÂñù ÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂñÃÂÃÂý ìÃÂøÃÂÿ. | |||
== | ==ÃÂÿÃÂüùúÃÂàÃÂÿüÃÂÃÂ== | ||
à[[ÃÂû÷]] ÃÂÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý õïýñù ÿÃÂóñýÃÂüÃÂý÷ ÃÂõ "ôÿüÃÂÃÂ" ÃÂÿÃÂ
òÃÂïÃÂúÿýÃÂñù ÃÂõ ôùñÃÂÿÃÂõÃÂùúÃÂàúûïüñúõÃÂ. | |||
ñ) ãÃÂùàüùúÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂõàúûïüñúõàòÃÂïÃÂúÿýÃÂñù úñù ÃÂñ [[ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂùúàãÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷üñ|ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂùúì ãÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂîüñÃÂñ]] ÃÂÿÃÂ
ñÃÂÿÃÂõûÿÃÂýÃÂñù ñÃÂà[[ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñÃÂ|ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂ]] úñù [[àûñýîÃÂ÷ÃÂ|àûñýîÃÂõÃÂ]], | |||
ò) ÃÂõ üõóñûÃÂÃÂõÃÂõàúûïüñúõàòÃÂïÃÂúÿýÃÂñù ÿù [[ÃÂñûñþïñÃÂ|ÃÂñûñþïõÃÂ]] ÃÂÿÃÂ
ñÃÂÿÃÂõûÿÃÂýÃÂñù ñÃÂàôùÃÂõúñÃÂÿüüÃÂÃÂùñ ñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂ, ñÃÂÃÂùÿ, ÃÂúÃÂý÷ úñù [[ãúÿÃÂõùýî ÃÂû÷]] úñù | |||
ó) ÃÂõ ñúÃÂüñ üõóñûÃÂÃÂõÃÂõàúûïüñúõàòÃÂïÃÂúÿýÃÂñù üõóìûõàÿüìôõàÃÂñûñþùÃÂý ÃÂÿÃÂ
ÿýÿüìöÿýÃÂñù [[ÃÂñûñþùñúàãüîýÿÃÂ|ãüîý÷ ÃÂñûñþùÃÂý]] úñù ñÃÂÿÃÂõûÿÃÂýÃÂñù ÃÂÃÂ
ýîøÃÂàñÃÂàõúñÃÂÿýÃÂìôõàÃÂÃÂàúñù ÃÂùûùìôõàÃÂñûñþïõÃÂ. àÃÂóúÿàÃÂÿÃÂ
úñûÃÂÃÂÃÂõù úìøõ ÃÂñûñþùñúàãüîýÿàÃÂÃÂõù ôùìüõÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂõÃÂïÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂñ 10.000.000 ÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂà(ÃÂÃÂ
óúÃÂïýõÃÂñù ñÃÂ
ÃÂàÃÂÿ üÃÂóõøÿàüõ ñÃÂ
ÃÂàÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂñûñþïñ üñàÃÂÿÃÂ
õïýñù ÃÂõÃÂïÃÂÿÃÂ
150.000 ÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ). | |||
ô) äñ ãüîý÷ ÃÂñûñþùÃÂý ñýÃÂïÃÂÃÂÿùÃÂñ òÃÂïÃÂúÿýÃÂñù úñù ñÃÂ
ÃÂì ÃÂõ ÿüìôõÃÂ, üùúÃÂÃÂàî üõóìûõÃÂ, ÃÂÿÃÂ
ÿýÿüìöÿýÃÂñù [[ÃÂñûñþùñúàÃÂ¥ÃÂõÃÂÃÂüîýÿÃÂ|ÃÂ¥ÃÂõÃÂÃÂüîý÷ ÃÂñûñþùÃÂý]] úñù ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ
ý ÃÂúÃÂñÃÂ÷ ÃÂõÃÂïÃÂÿÃÂ
100.000.00 ÃÂÃÂàúñù 200.000.000 ÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ, õïýñù ô÷ûñôî ÃÂìýàñÃÂàõúñÃÂàÃÂÿÃÂÃÂàüõóñûÃÂÃÂõÃÂñ ñÃÂàÃÂñ ÃÂüîý÷ óñûñþùÃÂý. äñ ÃÂ¥ÃÂõÃÂÃÂüîý÷ ÃÂñûñþùÃÂý ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ
ý ÃÂÃÂîüñÃÂñ ôùìÃÂÿÃÂñ, ñûûì ÃÂÿ úÃÂ
ÃÂïñÃÂÃÂÿ õïýñù ñÃÂ
ÃÂàÃÂÃÂý ý÷üìÃÂÃÂý (üÿýÿôùìÃÂÃÂñÃÂÿ) î ÃÂ÷àõúÃÂõÃÂñüÃÂý÷àõÃÂùÃÂìýõùñà(ôùÃÂôùìÃÂÃÂñÃÂÿ). | |||
== | ==ÃÂþÃÂûùþ÷ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ== | ||
=== | ===ÃÂõóìû÷ ÃÂúÃÂ÷þ÷=== | ||
ÃÂñÃÂùúî ñÃÂõÃÂ÷ÃÂïñ óùñ ÃÂùàÃÂõÃÂùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂõà[[ÃÂÿÃÂüÿûÿóïñ|úÿÃÂüÿûÿóùúÃÂàøõÃÂÃÂïõÃÂ]] ÃÂÿÃÂ
ñÃÂÃÂÿûÿÃÂýÃÂñù üõ ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂûõÃÂ
ÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàõïýñù ÷ ÃÂýýÿùñ ÃÂֈ[[ÃÂõóìû÷ ÃÂúÃÂ÷þ÷|ÃÂõóìû÷àÃÂúÃÂ÷þ÷ÃÂ]], ÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂÿÃÂÿøõÃÂõï ÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂýõÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàÃÂõ üùñ ÃÂ÷üõùñúî ÃÂõÃÂùÿÃÂî ÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂýÿÃÂ
ìÃÂõùÃÂֈÃÂÃÂ
úýÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñàúñù úñüÃÂÃÂ
ûÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñÃÂ, ÷ ÿÃÂÿïñ õþõÃÂÃÂìó÷ ô÷üùÿÃÂ
ÃÂóÃÂýÃÂñàÃÂ÷ý [[ÃÂû÷]] úñù ÃÂ÷ý [[ÃÂýÃÂÃÂóõùñ]] úñù üñöï ÃÂÿÃÂ
àÃÂÿ [[çÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ|çÃÂÃÂÿ]] úñù ÃÂÿ [[çÃÂÃÂýÿÃÂ|çÃÂÃÂýÿ]]. | |||
* | *ÃÂùñ õÃÂùÃÂÃÂ÷üÿûÿóùúî ÃÂÃÂ
ýÃÂÃÂõùñ ÃÂÿÃÂ
óõóÿýÃÂÃÂÿàñÃÂ
ÃÂÿàõïýñù ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÃÂõÃÂõïÃÂñù ýÿîüñÃÂÿà÷ õÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂ÷ óùñ ÃÂÿ ÃÂù ÃÂ
ÃÂîÃÂÃÂõ î ÃÂù óùýÃÂÃÂñý ÃÂÃÂùý ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ ÃÂõóìû÷ ÃÂúÃÂ÷þ÷, óùñÃÂï ÿ çÃÂÃÂýÿàô÷üùÿÃÂ
ÃÂóîø÷úõ üñöï ÃÂ÷àúñù ÃÂÃÂ
ýõÃÂÃÂàôõý ÃÂ
ÃÂîÃÂþõ "ÃÂÃÂùý". | ||
* | *ÃÂñÃÂì ÃÂÿý ïôùÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂõÃÂõïÃÂñù ýÿîüñÃÂÿà÷ ñýñöîÃÂ÷ÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂÿàÃÂóùýõ ÷ ÃÂõóìû÷ ÃÂúÃÂ÷þ÷, úñøÃÂà÷ ñýÃÂ
ÃÂñÃÂþïñ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂùý ñÃÂàñÃÂ
ÃÂîý ÃÂÃÂ
ýõÃÂìóõÃÂñù úñù ÃÂ÷ý ñôÃÂ
ýñüïñ ÃÂÿÃÂ
õýÃÂÿÃÂùÃÂüÿàõýÃÂàÃÂÃÂ
óúõúÃÂùüÃÂýÿÃÂ
ÃÂ÷üõïÿÃÂ
. | ||
=== | ===àÃÂÃÂùü÷ õÃÂÿÃÂî=== | ||
àñýñÃÂñÃÂìÃÂÃÂñÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂý ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂý ÃÂÃÂùóüÃÂý ÃÂ÷àô÷üùÿÃÂ
ÃÂóïñàÃÂÿÃÂ
ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàõïýñù ÃÂýñ ùôùñïÃÂõÃÂñ ÃÂÿûÃÂÃÂûÿúÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂòû÷üñ, óùñÃÂï ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÿøÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂÃÂ
ÃÂùúÃÂàúñÃÂñÃÂÃÂìÃÂõùàúñù ôùõÃÂóñÃÂïõàÃÂÿÃÂ
ôõý üÃÂÿÃÂÿÃÂý ýñ ñýñÃÂñÃÂñÃÂøÿÃÂý ÃÂÃÂÿ õÃÂóñÃÂÃÂîÃÂùÿ. ÃÂõÃÂì ÃÂ÷ ôõúñõÃÂïñ ÃÂÿÃÂ
1970, ÃÂüÃÂÃÂ, ÃÂìÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂ÷ üõóìû÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿôÿ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂ÷üõùÃÂø÷úõ ÃÂÃÂ÷ [[ãÃÂüñÃÂùôùñúî æÃÂ
ÃÂùúî|æÃÂ
ÃÂùúî ÃÂÃÂý ãÃÂÿùÃÂõùÃÂôÃÂý ãÃÂüñÃÂùôïÃÂý]], ÃÂÃÂý ÃÂ
ÃÂ÷ûÃÂý õýõÃÂóõùÃÂý úñù ÃÂÃÂý [[ÃÂýÿÃÂÿù÷ÃÂùúî àõôùñúî ÃÂõÃÂÃÂïñ|ÃÂýÿÃÂÿù÷ÃÂùúÃÂý ÃÂõÃÂÃÂùÃÂý àõôïÿÃÂ
]], ÃÂÃÂõù ñÃÂÃÂïÃÂõù ýñ ÃÂÃÂ÷üñÃÂïöõÃÂñù üùñ óõýùúì ÃÂñÃÂñôõúÃÂî õùúÃÂýñ, ÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂ
ýîøÃÂàñýñÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂñù úñù ÃÂà[[àÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ
ÃÂÿ ÃÂÿÃÂüÿûÿóùúàÃÂÿýÃÂÃÂûÿ]] ÃÂÿÃÂ
ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ. ãÃÂüÃÂÃÂýñ üõ ÃÂÿ üÿýÃÂÃÂûÿ ñÃÂ
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ÃÂõÃÂÃÂûõÃÂÃÂñ úñù ÃÂõ øõÃÂüÿúÃÂñÃÂïñ 1015 ÃÂ, ÃÂÃÂõù óïýõù ÃÂýñàýÃÂÿàôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂùÃÂüÃÂÃÂ, úñÃÂì ÃÂÿý ÿÃÂÿïÿ ÷ ÷ûõúÃÂÃÂÿñÃÂøõýîàôÃÂýñü÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂïöõÃÂñù ÃÂÃÂ÷ý [[ÃÂÃÂøõýîàÃÂûû÷ûõÃÂïôÃÂñÃÂ÷|ÃÂÃÂøõýî ÃÂûû÷ûõÃÂïôÃÂñÃÂ÷]] úñù ÃÂÃÂ÷ý [[ÃÂûõúÃÂÃÂÿüñóý÷ÃÂùúî ÃÂûû÷ûõÃÂïôÃÂñÃÂ÷]]. | |||
ÃÂÃÂàõúõïý÷ ÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂùóüî ÿù ôÃÂÿ ñÃÂ
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ÃÂýìüõÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂñ 10<sup>-16</sup> ôõÃÂ
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ÃÂàÃÂñ öõÃÂó÷ ñôÃÂÿýïÃÂý-ñýÃÂùñôÃÂÿýïÃÂý úÃÂ
ÃÂùñÃÂÃÂÿÃÂý üõ ÃÂ÷ üõóìû÷ ÃÂÿÃÂ
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äÃÂÃÂõ ÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ "ñûû÷ûÿõþÿÃÂ
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ÃÂõÃÂÿûÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂý úñù ÃÂÃÂý 5 ôõÃÂ
ÃÂõÃÂÿûÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂý üõÃÂì ÃÂ÷ [[ÃÂõóìû÷ ÃÂúÃÂ÷þ÷]] ñýñûñüòìýÿÃÂ
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àñûû÷ûõÃÂùôÃÂìÃÂõùàõïýñù õþñùÃÂõÃÂùúì ÃÂÃÂìýùõàúñù ôõý üÃÂÿÃÂÿÃÂý ýñ ÃÂñ úÃÂñÃÂîÃÂÿÃÂ
ý ÃÂõ [[ÃÂõÃÂüÿôÃÂ
ýñüùúî ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÿÃÂïñ]]. | |||
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ü÷ ÃÂÃÂýõÃÂ÷]], ô÷û. ÷ ô÷üùÿÃÂ
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ýñÃÂî. äñ ÷ûõúÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ úñù ÃÂñ ÃÂÿöùÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ ûÃÂóàÃÂ÷àñüÿùòñïñàÃÂÿÃÂ
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äÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý õùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂñù ÃÂûÃÂÿý ÃÂÃÂ÷ý õÃÂÿÃÂî ÃÂ÷àúÃÂ
ÃÂùñÃÂÃÂïñàÃÂ÷àñúÃÂùýÿòÿûïñà(æÃÂÃÂÿýùñúî ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂî î ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿúÃÂñÃÂïñ), ÃÂÿÃÂ
øñ ôùñÃÂúÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂÿûàÃÂõÃÂùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂÿ ñÃÂàÃÂùàÃÂÃÂÿ÷óÿÃÂüõýõÃÂ, óÃÂÃÂàÃÂÃÂñ 500.000 ÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ. ÃÂô÷ ÃÂüÃÂàÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñ 15 ûõÃÂÃÂì úñù õýàÿù óÃÂñüüùúÃÂàôùñÃÂÃÂìÃÂõùàÃÂÿÃÂ
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àüõ ÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ. | |||
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ãÃÂñ 500.000 ÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ ÷ øõÃÂüÿúÃÂñÃÂïñ ÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ
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úýÃÂøÿÃÂý ñúÃÂü÷ ÃÂõÃÂùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂÿ ñýÃÂï ýñ ñúÿûÿÃÂ
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äÃÂûÿÃÂ, ÃÂÃÂÿ õÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂùúàÃÂÃÂý óñûñþùÃÂý ñÃÂàüùúÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂõàÃÂÃÂ
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ÃÂóîø÷úõ üñöï üõ ÃÂÿ [[ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂùúàãÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷üñ]] ÃÂÿÃÂ
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äÿ ÃÂõýìÃÂùÿ ÃÂֈÃÂõóìû÷àÃÂúÃÂ÷þ÷àÃÂÿÃÂ
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äõÃÂýÿûÿóùúÿàÃÂýÃÂÃÂùÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ
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ÃÂÃÂÃÂֈ(ÃÂÃÂä). ÃÂñÃÂùúî ÃÂ÷àùôÃÂñ õïýñù ÃÂÃÂù úñÃÂì ÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂÿýùúî ÃÂÃÂùóüî ÃÂÃÂý 10-35 ôõÃÂ
ÃÂõÃÂÿûÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂý ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ ÃÂõóìû÷ ÃÂúÃÂ÷þ÷, ÃÂÃÂñý ÷ øõÃÂüÿúÃÂñÃÂïñ ñýõÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñý ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ
à1027 àúñù ÃÂûñòõ ÃÂÃÂÃÂñ ÿ ôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂùÃÂüÃÂàÃÂ÷àùÃÂÃÂÃÂ
ÃÂîàñûû÷ûõÃÂïôÃÂñÃÂ÷àñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ÷ûõúÃÂÃÂÿñÃÂøõýî ôÃÂýñü÷, ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂüÃÂñý ÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ üùñ ñûûñóî ÃÂìÃÂ÷ÃÂ, úìÃÂù ñýìûÿóÿ üõ ÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂ
üÃÂÃÂúýÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ñÃÂüÿàúñù ÃÂ÷ üõÃÂñÃÂÃÂÿÃÂî ÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂõ ÃÂ
óÃÂÃÂ. | |||
=== | ===àÿûÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂüÃÂñý=== | ||
[[Image:UniverseBubble-goog.gif|thumb|300px| | [[Image:UniverseBubble-goog.gif|thumb|300px|ÃÂÃÂýõÃÂ÷ õýÃÂàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàñÃÂàüïñ "ÃÂÿÃÂüùúî æÃÂ
ÃÂñûûïôñ" ÃÂÃÂüÃÂÃÂýñ üõ ÃÂùàñÃÂÃÂÃÂõùàÃÂõÃÂï àÿûÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ]] | ||
ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂûõÃÂüñ ÃÂ÷àñûûñóîàñÃÂ
ÃÂîàîÃÂñý ÿ ôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂùÃÂüÃÂàÃÂÿÃÂ
ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàÃÂõ õÃÂùüÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ
àÃÂõÃÂùÿÃÂÃÂàÃÂ
ÃÂàÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ [[ÃÂÿÃÂüùúî æÃÂ
ÃÂñûûïôñ|ÃÂÃÂ
ÃÂñûûïôÃÂý]] úñù ÷ üõÃÂñòÿûî ÃÂÃÂý ôùñÃÂÃÂìÃÂõÃÂý ÃÂÃÂý ÃÂõÃÂùÿÃÂÃÂý ñÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂý õúøõÃÂùúì, ô÷û. ÃÂìÃÂñ ÃÂÿûàñÃÂÃÂÃÂÿüñ üÃÂÃÂÃÂù ÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂÿýùúî ÃÂÃÂùóüî ÃÂÃÂý 10<sup>-6</sup> ôõÃÂ
ÃÂõÃÂÿûÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂý, úñÃÂì ÃÂ÷ý ÿÃÂÿïñ ÷ ÃÂ
ÃÂõÃÂñýìÃÂÃÂÃÂ
þ÷ ñÃÂ
ÃÂî ÃÂÃÂñüìÃÂ÷ÃÂõ úñù ìÃÂÃÂùÃÂõ ÷ òÃÂñôÃÂÃÂõÃÂ÷ ôùñôùúñÃÂïñ ÃÂ÷àôùñÃÂÃÂÿûîàÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂõÃÂùóÃÂìÃÂ÷úõ ÃÂñÃÂñÃÂìýÃÂ. ÃÂùñ ñÃÂàÃÂùàÃÂÃÂ
ÃÂñûûïôõàñÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂàñÃÂþ÷ÃÂõ üÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂõ 10<sup>-31</sup> ôõÃÂ
ÃÂõÃÂÃÂûõÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂ÷ ôùìüõÃÂÃÂàÃÂ÷àñÃÂà10<sup>-45</sup> üÃÂÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂõ 10 ÃÂõÃÂïÃÂÿÃÂ
õúñÃÂÿÃÂÃÂì, ô÷û. ÃÂõ 10<sup>-1</sup> üÃÂÃÂÃÂñ, úñù ñÃÂÿÃÂÃÂûõÃÂõ ÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂ
ýÃÂÃÂõùñ ÃÂÿ ÿÃÂñÃÂàÃÂõ õüìàãÃÂüÃÂñý, ÃÂÿÃÂ
ñÃÂ
ÃÂî ÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂùóüî ÃÂÃÂõù óÃÂñüüùúÃÂàôùñÃÂÃÂìÃÂõùà1010 ÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ, õýàÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂñóüñÃÂùúàãÃÂüÃÂñý üõ ÃÂÿûàüõóñûÃÂÃÂõÃÂ÷ ôùìüõÃÂÃÂÿ (ÃÂֈÃÂìþ÷àÃÂÃÂý 103000 õÃÂÃÂý ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ) ñÃÂÿÃÂõûõïÃÂñù ñÃÂàÃÂÿûûì õÃÂùüÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ
àãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂñ, ñýìüõÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂñ ÿÃÂÿïñ ôõý ÃÂ
ÃÂìÃÂÃÂõù úñüùì õÃÂùúÿùýÃÂýïñ úñù úñüùì ñûû÷ûõÃÂïôÃÂñÃÂ÷, ÃÂñÃÂì ÃÂ÷ý ñÃÂÃÂùúî ñùÃÂùñúî ÃÂÿÃÂ
àÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ úñù ÃÂ÷ý úÿùýî ÃÂÿÃÂ
àÃÂÃÂÿÃÂûõÃÂ
ÃÂ÷. | |||
à[[æÃÂ
ÃÂùúî]] üÃÂÿÃÂõï ýñ õïýñù ôùñÃÂÿÃÂõÃÂùúî ÃÂÃÂñ õÃÂùüÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ
àñÃÂ
ÃÂì ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂñ, ÷ ÃÂÃÂ
úýÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ [[õýÃÂÃÂóõùñ|õýÃÂÃÂóõùñÃÂ]] ýñ õïýñù üõóñûÃÂÃÂõÃÂ÷ î üùúÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂ÷, ÷ ÃÂìÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂû÷øÃÂÃÂùÃÂüÿàýñ ôùñÃÂúõï ñýÃÂïÃÂÃÂÿùÃÂñ ÃÂõÃÂùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂÿ î ûùóÃÂÃÂõÃÂÿ, õýàñúÃÂüñ úñù ÿ ñÃÂùøüÃÂàÃÂÃÂý [[ôùìÃÂÃÂñÃÂ÷|ôùñÃÂÃÂìÃÂõÃÂý]] ÃÂÿÃÂ
[[çÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýÿÃÂ|çÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂýÿÃÂ
]] øñ üÃÂÿÃÂÿÃÂÃÂõ ýñ õïýñù ôùñÃÂÿÃÂõÃÂùúÃÂÃÂ. | |||
ÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ
ý üõÃÂùúÃÂàøõÃÂÃÂïõàÃÂÿÃÂ
ôÃÂÃÂÿýÃÂñù ÃÂ÷ý ùôÃÂñ õýÃÂàÃÂÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ
üõ ÃÂõÃÂùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂõàñÃÂàÃÂÃÂõùàôùñÃÂÃÂìÃÂõùà(øõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂÃÂý Kaluza - Klein úñù ìûûõàøõÃÂÃÂïõÃÂ), óõóÿýÃÂàÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂ÷üñïýõù ÃÂÃÂù ÿù õÃÂùÃÂûÃÂÿý ôùñÃÂÃÂìÃÂõùàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõù ýñ õïýñù ÃÂìÃÂñ ÃÂÿûàüùúÃÂÃÂÃÂ, ñýñôùÃÂûÃÂüÃÂýõàóÃÂÃÂàñÃÂàÃÂÿý õñÃÂ
ÃÂàÃÂÿÃÂ
àúñù ÃÂÃÂ
ýõÃÂÃÂàü÷ ñýÃÂùû÷ÃÂÃÂÃÂàÃÂÃÂÿ ôùúàüñàãÃÂüÃÂñý. | |||
ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂõûõï, ÃÂüÃÂÃÂ, øõüùÃÂî ÃÂñÃÂñôÿÃÂî ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂõ ìûûñ ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂñ úìÃÂÿùõàñÃÂàÃÂùàôùñÃÂÃÂìÃÂõùàñÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂàõïýñù ñýõÃÂÃÂÃÂ
óüÃÂýõàúñù ÷ ÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂøõÃÂ÷ ñÃÂ
ÃÂî, ÃÂÃÂÃÂàõïýñù ÃÂÃÂ
ÃÂùúÃÂ, ÃÂñÃÂñÃÂÃÂüÃÂõù ÃÂõ ÃÂõÃÂùÿÃÂÃÂàÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂ
ýÿûùúÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàÃÂùöùúì ôùñÃÂÿÃÂõÃÂùúÃÂàñÃÂàÃÂÿ ôùúàüñàãÃÂüÃÂñý ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂàÃÂÃÂÿàÃÂñ ÃÂñÃÂñúÃÂ÷ÃÂùÃÂÃÂùúì ÃÂÃÂÿ úñù ÃÂàÃÂÃÂÿàÃÂùàùôùÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂàÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂ. | |||
àøõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂÿÃÂ
[[ÃÂÿÃÂüùúÃÂààû÷øÃÂÃÂùÃÂüÃÂÃÂ|àû÷øÃÂÃÂùÃÂÃÂùúÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ]] õÃÂü÷ýõÃÂõù üõ ÃÂõùÃÂÃÂùúàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ üõÃÂùúì ñÃÂàÃÂñ úõýì ÃÂÿÃÂ
[[ÃÂñøùõÃÂÃÂüÃÂýÿ ÃÂÿÃÂüÿûÿóùúààÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ
ÃÂÿ|ÃÂñøõÃÂÃÂüÃÂýÿÃÂ
ÃÂÿÃÂüÿûÿóùúÿààÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ
]]. àÃÂìóüñÃÂù, ñý ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ñÃÂÿÃÂõûõï ÃÂüîüñ õýÃÂàÃÂÿûàüõóñûÃÂÃÂõÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂ
ýÃÂûÿÃÂ
õþ÷óõïÃÂñù ñÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂüñÃÂñ ÷ ÃÂÃÂõôÃÂý õÃÂïÃÂõô÷ õùúÃÂýñ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂñÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂùìöõù, õýà÷ ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂûõÃÂ
ÃÂî ÃÂÿÃÂ
ñÃÂàüùñ üùúÃÂî üÃÂýÿ ñùÃÂùñúî ÃÂõÃÂùÿÃÂî ÃÂ÷üñïýõù ÃÂÃÂù õïÃÂõ ÃÂÃÂ÷ ôùìøõÃÂî ÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂûÿ ÃÂÿý ñÃÂñùÃÂÿÃÂüõýÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂýÿ ýñ ñÃÂÿúÃÂîÃÂõù ÃÂ÷ý ÿüÿùÿóõýî úñù ùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ÷ úñÃÂñýÿüî ÃÂֈÃÂû÷àúñù ÃÂ÷àñúÃÂùýÿòÿûïñàÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂÿ ÃÂñÃÂñúÃÂ÷ÃÂïöÿÃÂ
ý. | |||
ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ, ÃÂüÃÂÃÂ, ÿù ÃÂõÃÂùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂõàúÿÃÂüÿûÿóùúÃÂàøõÃÂÃÂïõÃÂ, ôïýõù ñÃÂñýÃÂîÃÂõùàÃÂõ õÃÂÃÂÃÂîüñÃÂñ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ÿÃÂñÃÂÿàúÃÂÃÂüÿÃÂ
üõ ôõôÿüÃÂýñ ÃÂÿÃÂ
, úñøÃÂàòÃÂïÃÂúÿýÃÂñù ÃÂþàñÃÂàÃÂÿý ÃÂûõóÃÂÿ ÃÂֈÃÂñÃÂñÃÂîÃÂ÷ÃÂ÷àúñù ÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂõùÃÂìüñÃÂÿÃÂ, ôõý üÃÂÿÃÂÿÃÂý ýñ õûõóÃÂøÿÃÂý óùñ ÃÂ÷ý ÿÃÂøÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ î ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂìûüñ ÃÂÿÃÂ
àúñù ñÃÂ
ÃÂàïÃÂÃÂàñÃÂÿÃÂõûõï ÃÂÿ úÃÂ
ÃÂùÃÂÃÂõÃÂÿ üõùÿýÃÂúÃÂ÷üì ÃÂ÷ÃÂ. | |||
== | ==ÃÂûùúïñ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ== | ||
àEdwin Hubble ÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂùüÿÃÂÿï÷ÃÂõ üùñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ óùñ ÃÂÿÃÂ
àÃÂñûûÃÂüõýÿÃÂ
àüõÃÂñòû÷ÃÂÿÃÂà[[ÃÂ÷ÃÂõïôõÃÂ]] ÃÂÿ 1924, óùñ ýñ üõÃÂÃÂîÃÂõù ÃÂ÷ý ñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂàÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂõùÃÂÿõùôî ýõÃÂõûÃÂüñÃÂñ úñù ÃÂôõùþõ óùñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿÃÂì ÃÂÃÂù îÃÂñý õþÃÂóñûñþùñúì ñýÃÂùúõïüõýñ õýàÿ [[mIlky Way|ÃÂñûñþïñÃÂ]] üñÃÂ, ÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂõù ôùìüõÃÂÃÂÿ 100.000 ÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ, õïýñù ÃÂýñàñýìüõÃÂñ ÃÂõ ñüÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂÿÃÂ
à[[ÃÂñûñþïñÃÂ|ÃÂñûñþïõÃÂ]]. ÃÂý ÃÂàüõÃÂñþàÿ Vesto Slipher ÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂùüÿÃÂÿùÃÂýÃÂñàÃÂ÷ [[üõÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂùÃÂ÷ Doppler]] ÃÂÃÂý [[ÃÂìÃÂüñ|ÃÂñÃÂüñÃÂùúÃÂý óÃÂñüüÃÂý]] ÃÂõ ÃÂõÃÂùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂÿÃÂ
àñÃÂà40 ÃÂñûñþïõÃÂ, üÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂõ ÃÂùàñúÃÂùýùúÃÂà[[ÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ|ÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂõÃÂ]] ÃÂÿÃÂ
àúñù òÃÂîúõ ÃÂÃÂù ÿù ÃÂõÃÂùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂÿù ñÃÂàñÃÂ
ÃÂÿÃÂÃÂ, ÿù üñúÃÂùýÿï ÃÂñûñþïõÃÂ, ñÃÂÿüñúÃÂÃÂýÿýÃÂñý ñÃÂàüñÃÂ. äÿ ÃÂñùýÃÂüõýÿ ñÃÂ
ÃÂàÿýÿüìÃÂÃÂ÷úõ "æÃÂ
óî ÃÂÃÂý ÃÂñûñþùÃÂý". | |||
äÿ 1929 ÿ Hubble ÃÂÃÂ
ýôÃÂñÃÂõ ÃÂùàüõÃÂÃÂîÃÂõùàÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂúñýõ óùñ ÃÂùàñÃÂÿÃÂÃÂìÃÂõùàÃÂÃÂý ÃÂñûñþùÃÂý úñù õúõïýõàìûûÃÂý õÃÂõÃÂ
ý÷ÃÂÃÂý (ÃÂÿÃÂ
òñÃÂïÃÂÃÂ÷úñý ÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂõùýÃÂÃÂõÃÂñ ñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂùñ üÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ
àÃÂñûñþïõÃÂ) üõ ÃÂùàÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂõàñÃÂÿüìúÃÂÃÂ
ýÃÂ÷àóùñ ýñ ñýñúñûÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂñ ôÃÂÿ ñÃÂ
ÃÂì üõóÃÂø÷ õïýñù ñýìûÿóñ. ÃÂÃÂÿ üõóñûÃÂÃÂõÃÂ÷ õïýñù ÷ ñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿÃÂ
óñûñþïñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ üõóñûÃÂÃÂõÃÂ÷ õïýñù ÷ ÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ ÃÂÿÃÂ
. ÃÂòóñûõ ûÿùÃÂÃÂý üùñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿÃÂ
õïýñù óýÃÂÃÂÃÂî ÃÂàýÃÂüÿàÃÂÿÃÂ
Hubble: | |||
''v = H * d'' . | ''v = H * d'' . | ||
àôùñÃÂÃÂÿûî ÃÂÿÃÂ
ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàõïÃÂõ ñýñúñûÃÂ
ÃÂøõï. ÃÂýìûÿóñ õÃÂïÃÂ÷àüõ ÃÂ÷ ÃÂùüî ÃÂֈÃÂÃÂñøõÃÂìàH ÃÂÿÃÂ
Hubble, üÃÂÿÃÂÿÃÂüõ ýñ ÃÂ
ÃÂÿûÿóïÃÂÿÃÂ
üõ úñù ÃÂ÷ý ÷ûùúïñ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ. | |||
àõýñûûñúÃÂùúÃÂàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿàóùñ ÃÂÿý ÃÂ
ÃÂÿûÿóùÃÂüàÃÂ÷à÷ûùúïñàÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂÃÂüÿÃÂ
õïýñù ýñ üõÃÂÃÂ÷øõï üõ ñúÃÂïòõùñ ÷ ÃÂÃÂñøõÃÂì ÃÂÿÃÂ
Hubble H, óùñÃÂï ÷ ÃÂÃÂñøõÃÂì ñÃÂ
ÃÂî õïýñù ÃÂýñ üÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂ÷üõÃÂùýÿàÃÂÃÂ
øüÿàôùñÃÂÃÂÿûîàÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ. ãÃÂ÷ý ÃÂÃÂìþ÷ üñàôïýõù ÃÂÿý ÃÂÃÂÃÂýÿ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂÃÂñÃÂõ ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ [[ÃÂõóìû÷ ÃÂúÃÂ÷þ÷]]. ÃÂûûì ÷ ÃÂùüî ÃÂֈÃÂÃÂñøõÃÂìàñÃÂ
ÃÂîàõþñÃÂÃÂìÃÂñù ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ùÃÂÃÂÿÃÂïñ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂ
øüÿàôùñÃÂÃÂÿûîÃÂ, ÃÂÿÃÂ
õý ÃÂÃÂ
ýÃÂÃÂõùñ õþñÃÂÃÂìÃÂñù ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂ
úýÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàúñù ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂýøõÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ. | |||
ÃÂìý ûÿùÃÂÃÂý ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý õïýñù õÃÂïÃÂõôÿ úñù ñÃÂÿÃÂõûõïÃÂñù úÃÂ
ÃÂïÃÂàñÃÂàÃÂÃÂ
ý÷øùÃÂüÃÂý÷ ÃÂû÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂõ ÷ ÷ûùúïñ ÃÂÿÃÂ
õïýñù : 2/(3 H) , ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ
H õïýñù ÷ ÃÂùüî ÃÂֈÃÂÃÂñøõÃÂìàÃÂÿÃÂ
Hubble. | |||
- | - ÃÂûûì õìý ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ñÃÂÿÃÂõûõïÃÂñù úñÃÂì ÃÂýñ üùúÃÂàÃÂÿÃÂÿÃÂÃÂàñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ÃÂÃÂ
ý÷øùÃÂüÃÂý÷ òñÃÂÃÂ
ÿýùúî ÃÂû÷, ÃÂÃÂÃÂõ ÷ûùúïñ ÃÂÿÃÂ
õïýñù üõóñûÃÂÃÂõÃÂ÷: 1/Ho. | ||
- | - ÃÂù ñý ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ÃÂõÃÂùÃÂÃÂõù üùñ üÿÃÂÃÂî ÃÂû÷àÃÂñÃÂÃÂüÿùñ üõ ÃÂ÷ý [[ÃÂÿÃÂüÿûÿóùúî ãÃÂñøõÃÂì|úÿÃÂüÿûÿóùúî ÃÂÃÂñøõÃÂì]] à([[ãúÿÃÂõùýî ÃÂýÃÂÃÂóõùñ]]), ÃÂÃÂÃÂõ ÷ ÷ûùúïñ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàüÃÂÿÃÂõï ýñ õïýñù ñúÃÂüñ üõóñûÃÂÃÂõÃÂ÷. | ||
ÃÂù ñÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýÃÂüÿù óùñ ýñ üõÃÂÃÂîÃÂÿÃÂ
ý ÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂñøõÃÂì Hubble ÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂùüÿÃÂÿùÿÃÂý ôùìÃÂÿÃÂõàÃÂõÃÂýùúÃÂÃÂ. ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂù ÃÂîüõÃÂñ, ÿù úñûÃÂÃÂõÃÂõàõúÃÂùüîÃÂõùàóùñ ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂÃÂñøõÃÂìàÃÂÿÃÂ
Hubble úÃÂ
üñïýÿýÃÂñù ñÃÂà65 km/sec/Megaparsec ÃÂà80 km/sec/Megaparsec (1 üõóñÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂú ùÃÂÿÃÂÃÂñù üõ 3.26 õúñÃÂÿüüÃÂÃÂùñ ÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ). | |||
àÃÂùÿ ÃÂùøñýî ÃÂùüî ÃÂñïýõÃÂñù ýñ õïýñù ÃÂõÃÂïÃÂÿÃÂ
72 km/sec/Megaparsec. ÃÂÃÂÃÂù, ÿù ñÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýÃÂüÿù øõÃÂÃÂÿÃÂý ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÿ ÃÂ÷ûïúÿ 1/H (÷ ÷ûùúïñ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ) õïýñù üõÃÂñþà12 úñù 14 ôùÃÂõúñÃÂÿüüÃÂ
ÃÂïÃÂý õÃÂÃÂý. àÃÂõûõÃÂ
ÃÂñïñ õúÃÂïü÷ÃÂ÷ õïýñù 13,7. | |||
*[http://www.physics4u.gr/news/2006/scnews2563.html Physics4u] | *[http://www.physics4u.gr/news/2006/scnews2563.html Physics4u] | ||
== | ==àÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñÃÂõàÃÂõÃÂÃÂîÃÂõùÃÂ== | ||
ãÃÂ
üÃÂõÃÂñÃÂüñÃÂùúì ñÃÂàÃÂùàÃÂùÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñÃÂõàÃÂñÃÂñÃÂ÷ÃÂîÃÂõùàÃÂÿÃÂ
WMAP, ÃÂùàüõûÃÂÃÂõàÃÂ÷àúñÃÂñýÿüîàÃÂÃÂý ÃÂñûñþùÃÂý úñù ÃÂÃÂý ÃÂñûñþùñúÃÂý ãü÷ýÃÂý ÃÂÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý úñù ÃÂÿý ÃÂ
ÃÂÿûÿóùÃÂüàÃÂֈÃÂÃÂñøõÃÂìàÃÂÿÃÂ
Hubble, ñÃÂÿôõùúýÃÂõÃÂñù ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý õïýñù: | |||
ñ) ÃÂÃÂ
úûõïôõùÿ | |||
ò) ÃÂÃÂõù [[÷ûùúïñ]] 13.7 ôùÃÂõúñÃÂÿüüÃÂ
ÃÂïÃÂý ÃÂÃÂÃÂýÃÂý (üõ ÃÂõÃÂùøÃÂÃÂùÿ ÃÂÃÂìûüñÃÂÿàüÃÂûùà1%). | |||
ó) à[[ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñÃÂ÷]] ÃÂÿÃÂ
õïýñù ÷ ñúÃÂûÿÃÂ
ø÷: | |||
- | - äÿ 4% ÃÂֈÃÂû÷àÃÂÿÃÂ
ñÃÂÿÃÂõûõïÃÂñù ñÃÂàãÃÂ
ýîø÷ ÃÂû÷ ô÷û. ñÃÂàòñÃÂÃÂ
ÃÂýùñ (ÃÂ.ÃÂ. ÷ ÃÂû÷ ÷ ÿÃÂÿïñ "õüÃÂõÃÂùÃÂÃÂõÃÂñù" ÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂ÷ úñù ÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂüòùñ ÃÂýÃÂñ). | ||
- | - äÿ 23% ñÃÂÿÃÂõûõïÃÂñù ñÃÂà[[ãúÿÃÂõùýî ÃÂû÷]] (ìóýÃÂÃÂÃÂñ üÃÂÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÃÂùóüîàÃÂÃÂüñÃÂïôùñ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ñûû÷ûõÃÂùôÃÂÿÃÂý üÃÂýÿ òñÃÂÃÂ
ÃÂùúì üõ ÃÂ÷ý ãÃÂ
ýîø÷ ÃÂû÷), õýà| ||
- | - äÿ ÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂûÿùÃÂÿ 73% ÃÂÃÂõÃÂïöõÃÂñù üõ ÃÂ÷ý õýÃÂÃÂóõùñ ÃÂÿÃÂ
úõýÿà(î ñûûùÃÂÃÂ, [[ãúÿÃÂõùýî ÃÂýÃÂÃÂóõùñ]])(ÃÂÿÃÂ
øõÃÂÃÂõïÃÂñù ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÃÂÿúÃÂÃÂÃÂõù ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ûõóÃÂüõý÷ [[ÃÂÿÃÂüÿûÿóùúî ãÃÂñøõÃÂì]]). äñ ÃÂñÃÂñÃÂìýàñÃÂÿÃÂõûÃÂÃÂüñÃÂñ ÃÂ÷üñïýÿÃÂ
ý ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý øñ ÃÂÃÂ
ýõÃÂïÃÂõù ýñ ôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂûûõÃÂñù óùñ ÃÂìýÃÂñ úñù üìûùÃÂÃÂñ üõ õÃÂùÃÂñÃÂÃÂ
ýÃÂüõýÿ ÃÂÃÂ
øüÃÂ. | ||
== | ==ÃÂþÃÂûùþ÷ ÃÂֈÃÂýøÃÂÃÂÃÂùý÷àÃÂýÃÂÃÂ÷àóùñ ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý== | ||
[[Image:UniverseAncient-wik.jpg|thumb|160px| | [[Image:UniverseAncient-wik.jpg|thumb|160px|ãÃÂüÃÂñý úñÃÂì ÃÂÿÃÂ
àãÿÃÂ
üÃÂÃÂùÿÃÂ
àúñù ìûûÿÃÂ
àñÃÂÃÂñïÿÃÂ
àûñÿÃÂÃÂ]] | ||
ÃÂýÃÂúñøõý, ÿ ìýøÃÂÃÂÃÂÿàÃÂýùÃÂøõ üùñ ñúñÃÂñüìÃÂ÷ÃÂ÷ ÃÂûþ÷ óùñ ÿÃÂùôîÃÂÿÃÂõ õïÃÂõ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ üõ ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý. ÃÂÃÂñý, úñù ÃÂñÃÂñüÃÂýõù ÃÂìýÃÂÿÃÂõ, ÃÂÿ üÃÂóùÃÂÃÂÿ ñÃÂàÃÂûñ üÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂîÃÂùñ úñù ñùýïóüñÃÂñ ÃÂÿÃÂ
õÃÂùøÃÂ
ýõï ýñ õÃÂùûÃÂÃÂõù ÷ ÃÂýøÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ. | |||
ÃÂÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ÃÂÃÂÃÂñùÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ üÃÂÃÂÃÂù ÃÂîüõÃÂñ, ÿ ìýøÃÂÃÂÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂñøõï ýñ ñÃÂÿúñûÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂñ üÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂùúì ÃÂÿÃÂ
ñÃÂÃÂÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ
[[ÃÂùìÃÂÃÂ÷üñ|ÃÂùñÃÂÃÂîüñÃÂÿÃÂ]] úñù ýñ úñÃÂñýÿîÃÂõù ÃÂÿ àñÃÂõûøÃÂý, ÃÂÿ àñÃÂÃÂý úñù ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂûûÿý. | |||
=== | ===àÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂÿÃÂïñ=== | ||
àÃÂÃÂÃÂõù ýñ ÃÂÿýùÃÂøõï ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂÿ üÃÂóõøÿàÃÂÿÃÂ
ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂÿ úñù ÷ ïôùñ ÷ "ãÃÂ
üÃÂñýÃÂùúî ÃÂýýÿùñ" õþõûïÃÂø÷úõ õýÃÂÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂÃÂùñúì, ÃÂõ úìøõ õÃÂÿÃÂî ÃÂֈÃÂýøÃÂÃÂÃÂùý÷àÃÂþÃÂûùþ÷ÃÂ. | |||
* | * àÃÂÿÃÂñýÃÂàóùñ ÃÂÿÃÂ
àÃÂÃÂÿóÃÂýÿÃÂ
àÃÂÿÃÂ
Homo Sapiens ÿù ÃÂýýÿùõà"ãÃÂüÃÂñý" úñù "õñÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂÃÂ" ôõý îÃÂñý ôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂïÃÂùüõÃÂ. ÃÂñ üÃÂÿÃÂÿÃÂÃÂñüõ ýñ ÃÂÿÃÂüõ ÃÂÃÂù óùñ ñÃÂ
ÃÂàÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý îÃÂñý ÃÂÿýôÃÂùúì ÃÂýñ "ÃÂ÷üõïÿ". | ||
* | *ÃÂûûì úñù ÃÂÿý ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÿÃÂÃÂ
ûûÃÂúÃÂ÷, ô÷û ÃÂÿý "ìýøÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂý ÃÂÃÂ÷ûñïÃÂý", ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý õþñúÿûÿÃÂø÷ÃÂõ ýñ ÃÂÃÂõù "ÃÂ÷üõùñúî üÿÃÂÃÂî" (ñý úñù ñÃÂúõÃÂì ôùõÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂ
üÃÂý÷) úñøÃÂàîÃÂñý ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂñýÃÂàÃÂñÃÂ
ÃÂùöÃÂÃÂñý üõ ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂõÃÂùÿÃÂî ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ
ôùÃÂüõýõ úñù úÃÂ
ý÷óÿÃÂÃÂõ. | ||
* | *ÃÂÃÂóÃÂÃÂõÃÂñ, ÃÂÃÂñý ÿ ìýøÃÂÃÂÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂÃÂñÃÂõ ÃÂÃÂÿ úÃÂ÷ýÿÃÂÃÂÿÃÂùúàÃÂÃÂìôùÿ úñù ÃÂÃÂ÷üñÃÂïÃÂø÷úñý ÿù ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõàÃÂÃÂ
ûÃÂàÃÂàãÃÂüÃÂñý øñ øõÃÂÃÂÿÃÂýÃÂñý ÷ "óÃÂñüüî" ÃÂֈÃÂÿÃÂõïñàÃÂÿÃÂ
ôùÃÂÃÂõÃÂõÃÂñý úñÃÂì ÃÂ÷ý ýÿüñôùúî öÃÂî ÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂ. ÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂõ ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ñÃÂÃÂúÃÂ÷ÃÂõ ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ ôùìÃÂÃÂñÃÂ÷ úñù ÃÂóùýõ óÃÂñüüùúÃÂ. | ||
ãÃÂùàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõàóõÃÂÃÂóùúÃÂàúÿùýÃÂýïõÃÂ, ÷ ÃÂýýÿùñ "ãÃÂüÃÂñý" ôõý õïÃÂõ ñÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂùÃÂøõï ñúÃÂü÷ ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ÃÂýýÿùñ "ÃÂøýÿÃÂ/úÃÂìÃÂÿÃÂ". äÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ÃÂõÃÂùõûìüòñýõ ÃÂÿ úñûûùõÃÂóÿÃÂüõýÿ ÃÂôñÃÂÿàÃÂ÷àúÿùýÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñàúñù ÃÂÃÂÃÂù ÃÂóùýõ ôùÃÂôùìÃÂÃÂñÃÂÿ. | |||
=== | ===äñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñ ãÃÂ
üÃÂñýÃÂùúì ÃÂÿýÃÂÃÂûñ=== | ||
ãÃÂ÷ý ñÃÂ
óî ÃÂÿÃÂ
ñýøÃÂÃÂÃÂùýÿÃÂ
ÃÂÿûùÃÂùÃÂüÿÃÂ, ÃÂÃÂñý ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂûÿ ÃÂֈÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂÿÃÂïñàñýñÃÂÃÂÃÂø÷úõ (ÃÂõûõÃÂ
ÃÂñïÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂñÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂֈ4ֈÃÂùûùõÃÂ÷ÃÂïôñàÃÂ.ç.), ÃÂÃÂÃÂõ ÃÂ÷ý ôùñûõÃÂúñýÃÂ÷ ÃÂ÷àãÃÂ
üÃÂñýÃÂùúîàÃÂýýÿùñàñýÃÂûñòñý ÿù ûõóÃÂüõýÿù ÃÂýñÃÂÿûùúÿï ÃÂñÿï (ãÿÃÂ
üÃÂÃÂùÿù, ÃÂùóÃÂÃÂÃÂùÿù, ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂùÿù, ÃÂñòÃÂ
ûÃÂýùÿù, ú.ñ) äñ ùõÃÂñÃÂõïñ ÃÂÃÂý ûñÃÂý ñÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂý ìÃÂÃÂùÃÂñý ýñ ÃÂÃÂõôùìöÿÃÂ
ý ÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñ "ñÃÂÃÂÃÂóÿýñ ÃÂÃÂ
üÃÂñýÃÂùúì üÿýÃÂÃÂûñ" ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂ
üÃÂõÃÂùÃÂûñòñý úñù ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂîùý÷ ÃÂÃÂüÃÂÃÂÃÂñùÃÂñ. ÃÂÃÂ
ÃÂùñÃÂÃÂùúì ÃÂüÃÂÃÂ, ÿù ÿÃÂÿûÿóïõà"ãÃÂüÃÂñý" úñù "ÃÂ÷" ôõý îÃÂñý ñúÃÂü÷ ôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂïÃÂùüõàÃÂýýÿùõÃÂ. éÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ ÷ ÃÂÃÂ
ýõùÃÂÃÂÿÃÂì ÃÂÿÃÂ
àîÃÂñý úñøÿÃÂùÃÂÃÂùúî úñøÃÂàüõ ÃÂ÷ý õýÃÂÃÂüìÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ÿÃÂ
ÃÂñýÿà(ÿÃÂ
ÃÂùñÃÂÃÂùúì, ÃÂÿÃÂ
ÿÃÂïöÿýÃÂñ) ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂøõÃÂñý ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂÃÂïÃÂ÷ ôùìÃÂÃÂñÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂÿ ãÃÂ
üÃÂñýÃÂùúàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ
ÃÂÿ. | |||
=== | ===ÃÂùìúÃÂùÃÂ÷ ÃÂ÷àúñù ÃÂùñÃÂÃÂîüñÃÂÿÃÂ=== | ||
ãÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂ
ýÃÂÃÂõùñ ÷ ÃÂúÃÂ
ÃÂìû÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂñÃÂõ ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ
àÃÂûû÷ýõàÃÂùûÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂ. ÃÂÃÂ
ÃÂÿï òñøüùñïñ ñýÃÂõûîÃÂø÷ÃÂñý ÃÂÃÂù ñýÃÂùúõïüõýñ ÃÂÿÃÂ
"ãÃÂõÃÂõÃÂüñÃÂÿÃÂ" (ÃÂûùÿÃÂ, ãõûîý÷, àûñýîÃÂõÃÂ) õïýñù ôùñÃÂÿÃÂõÃÂùúì ÿÃÂ
ÃÂìýùñ ÃÂÃÂüñÃÂñ ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ÃÂ÷. ÃÂÃÂ
ÃÂî îÃÂñý úñù ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ | |||
ñÃÂ
ÃÂÿýÃÂü÷ÃÂ÷ ÃÂֈÃÂýýÿùñàÃÂÿÃÂ
ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàñÃÂàÃÂùàóîùýõàôÿüÃÂÃÂ. | |||
ÃÂÃÂñý õüÃÂõôÃÂø÷úõ ñÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂàÿ ôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂùÃÂüÃÂàÃÂÃÂÃÂõ ôùñüÿÃÂÃÂÃÂø÷úñý ÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂñóüñÃÂùúì ãÃÂ
üÃÂñýÃÂùúì üÿýÃÂÃÂûñ. | |||
=== | ===àÃÂÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂûõùÿà[[ÃÂñùÿúõýÃÂÃÂùÃÂüÃÂÃÂ]]=== | ||
à[[ÃÂÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂû÷ÃÂ]], ÃÂÃÂÿ òùòûïÿ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ëàõÃÂï ÃÂÃÂ
ÃÂñýÿÃÂû, ÃÂ
ÃÂÿÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂïöõù ñÃÂàÃÂÿ 340 ÃÂ.ç. ÃÂÃÂù ÷ [[ÃÂ÷]] õïýñù ÃÂÃÂñùÃÂùúî úñù ÃÂÃÂù òÃÂïÃÂúõÃÂñù ÃÂÃÂÿ úÃÂýÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ. ÃÂÃÂýõù ñúïý÷ÃÂ÷, õýàÿ ÃÂûùÿÃÂ, ÷ ãõûîý÷, ÿù [[ÃÂûñýîÃÂ÷ÃÂ|ÃÂûñýîÃÂõÃÂ]] úñù ÿù [[ñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñÃÂ|ñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂ]] úùýÿÃÂýÃÂñù óÃÂÃÂàñÃÂàÃÂ÷ ÃÂ÷ ÃÂõ ÃÂÃÂûõùõàúÃÂ
úûùúÃÂàÃÂÃÂÿÃÂùÃÂÃÂ. | |||
ÃÂïýñù òÃÂòñùñ ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂñýÃÂàÃÂÃÂù ÷ ÃÂýýÿùñ ÃÂÿÃÂ
"ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ\ÃÂÃÂÃÂüÿÃÂ
" ÃÂñÃÂ
ÃÂùöÃÂÃÂñý üõ ÃÂÿ ÃÂ÷üõÃÂùýà[[ÃÂûùñúàãÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷üñ]]. | |||
=== | ===àõüÃÂìýùÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿÃÂ
[[ÃÂûùÿúõýÃÂÃÂùÃÂüÃÂÃÂ|ÃÂûùÿúõýÃÂÃÂùÃÂüÿÃÂ]]=== | ||
ÃÂñÃÂì ÃÂÿý [[ÃÂÃÂïÃÂÃÂñÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ|ÃÂÃÂïÃÂÃÂñÃÂÃÂÿ]], o [[ÃÂûùÿÃÂ]] õïýñù ÃÂÿ úÃÂýÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàúñù óÃÂÃÂàñÃÂàñÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂý ÃÂõÃÂùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýÃÂñù ÿù ÃÂûñýîÃÂõà(ÃÂÃÂ
üÃÂõÃÂùûñüòñýÿüÃÂý÷àúñù ÃÂֈÃÂ÷ÃÂ), õýà÷ [[ÃÂ÷]] ÃÂõÃÂùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂñù óÃÂÃÂàñÃÂàÃÂÿý ìþÿýì ÃÂ÷àúìøõ õùúÿÃÂùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂùàÃÂÃÂõÃÂ. ÃÂÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂÃÂ, ÷ øõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂïÃÂÃÂñÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ
, ÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂîüõÃÂñ þÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ
üõ ÃÂÃÂù õïýñù ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂî, ôõý ÃÂ
ùÿøõÃÂîø÷úõ ñÃÂàÃÂÿý ñÃÂÃÂñïÿ úÃÂÃÂüÿ úñù ÃÂÃÂýÃÂÿüñ û÷ÃÂüÿýîø÷úõ. | |||
=== | ===ààÃÂÿûõüñÃÂúÃÂà[[ÃÂñùÿúõýÃÂÃÂùÃÂüÃÂÃÂ]]=== | ||
àõÃÂï ÃÂñ üÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ôõÃÂÃÂõÃÂÿÃÂ
ñùÃÂýñ ü.ç. ñýñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂø÷úõ ÷ øõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂÿÃÂ
[[àÃÂÿûõüñïÿàÃÂûñÃÂôùÿÃÂ|àÃÂÿûõüñïÿÃÂ
]]. ÃÂñÃÂì ÃÂ÷ øõÃÂÃÂïñ ñÃÂ
ÃÂî ÷ ÃÂ÷ õïýñù ÃÂÿ úÃÂýÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂÃÂüÿÃÂ
. ãÃÂÃÂúõÃÂñù ñúïý÷ÃÂ÷ úñù óÃÂÃÂàÃÂֈÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýÃÂñù ÿúÃÂàüõóìûõàÃÂÃÂñïÃÂõàÃÂÿÃÂ
üõÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ
ý ÃÂñ ÿÃÂ
ÃÂìýùñ ÃÂÃÂüñÃÂñ. | |||
àìýàÃÂõ ñÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂàÃÂùàÃÂÃÂñïÃÂõàúùýÿÃÂýÃÂñù ÿ [[ÃÂûùÿÃÂ]], ÷ [[ãõûîý÷]] úñù ÿù ÃÂÃÂýÃÂõ ÃÂûñýîÃÂõàÃÂÿÃÂ
îÃÂñý ÃÂÃÂÃÂõ óýÃÂÃÂÃÂÿï, ô÷û. ÿ ÃÂÃÂüîÃÂ, ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿôïÃÂ÷, ÿ ÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂ, ÿ ÃÂõÃÂàúñù ÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂýÿÃÂ. | |||
àõþÃÂÃÂõÃÂùúî (÷ ÃÂóôÿ÷) ÃÂÃÂñïÃÂñ üõÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂÿÃÂ
àñÃÂûñýõïàñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂ. | |||
ÃÂù ñÃÂûñýõïàñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõàõïýñù ÿù ñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõàÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂñÃÂñüÃÂýÿÃÂ
ý ÃÂÃÂñøõÃÂì ÃÂÃÂùàïôùõÃÂ, üõÃÂñþàÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂ, øÃÂÃÂõùÃÂ, ñûûì úñù ÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂûÿù üñöï ÃÂõÃÂùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýÃÂñù ÃÂÃÂÿý ÿÃÂ
ÃÂñýÃÂ. ÃÂþïöõù ýñ ÃÂ÷üõùÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ
üõ ÃÂÃÂù ÿ àÃÂÿûõüñïÿÃÂ, ÃÂñÃÂì ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂñýÃÂõûî ÃÂûûõùÃÂ÷ úñÃÂìûû÷ûÃÂý ÿÃÂóìýÃÂý, ÃÂ
ÃÂÿûÃÂóùÃÂõ ÃÂ÷ üÃÂÃÂ÷ ñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñÃÂ÷ ÃÂֈÃÂ÷àñÃÂàÃÂ÷ ãõûîý÷ üõ ÃÂÃÂõÃÂùúì üõóìû÷ ñúÃÂïòõùñ. ãÃÂ
óúõúÃÂùüÃÂýñ, ÃÂ
ÃÂÿûÃÂóùÃÂõ ÃÂÃÂù ÷ ñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñÃÂ÷ ñÃÂ
ÃÂî õïýñù ÃÂÃÂÿ 29.5 ÃÂÿÃÂÃÂàÃÂ÷ ôùìüõÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂֈÃÂֈ(õýà÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂî ñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñÃÂ÷ õïýñù 30.2 ÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂ). | |||
ÃÂüÿùñ úñù ÿ [[ÃÂÃÂñÃÂÿÃÂøÃÂý÷ÃÂ]] ÃÂ
ÃÂÿûÃÂóùÃÂõ ÃÂ÷ ôùìüõÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂֈÃÂ÷àüõ õýÃÂÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂÃÂùñúî ñúÃÂïòõùñ (ÃÂÃÂõÃÂõ ÃÂþàúñÃÂì ÃÂõÃÂïÃÂÿÃÂ
90 ÃÂùûùÃÂüõÃÂÃÂñ). | |||
=== | ===àõÃÂùúÃÂìÃÂ÷ÃÂõ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂñùÿúõýÃÂÃÂùÃÂüÿÃÂ=== | ||
àøõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂÿÃÂ
àÃÂÿûõüñïÿÃÂ
îÃÂñý òÃÂòñùñ ûñýøñÃÂüÃÂý÷, ñûûì ÃÂÃÂ
ýÃÂÃÂùÃÂÃÂõ ÃÂõ üõóìûÿ òñøüÃÂ, üõ ÃÂùàñÃÂÃÂÃÂõùàÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂû÷. ÃÂÃÂÃÂù ÃÂ
ùÿøõÃÂîúõ ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ÃÂÃÂÃÂõ ôùñüÿÃÂÃÂÿÃÂüõý÷ çÃÂùÃÂÃÂùñýùúî ÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂúõïñ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ñýñö÷ÃÂÿÃÂÃÂõ ýñ õýÃÂÃÂüñÃÂÃÂÃÂõù üïñ "ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿý÷ úÿÃÂüÿûÿóïñ". àÃÂ
ùÿøÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂ÷ ñÃÂ
ÃÂî õïÃÂõ ÃÂàñÃÂÿÃÂÃÂûõÃÂüñ ÃÂ÷ý ñÃÂÃÂûÃÂ
ÃÂ÷ úñøùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ úñù ÃÂñóïÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿÃÂ
àÃÂÿûõüñÃÂúÿàÃÂÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂîüñÃÂÿÃÂ. ÃÂÃÂÿùÿàÃÂõÃÂñùÃÂýùúÃÂàìýøÃÂÃÂÃÂÿàÃÂÿûüÿÃÂÃÂõ ýñ ôùñÃÂÃÂýîÃÂõù, ÃÂñÃÂñúÃÂ÷ÃÂùöÃÂÃÂñý ÃÂàñùÃÂõÃÂùúÃÂÃÂ, ñýÃÂùüõÃÂÃÂÃÂùöõ ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂõÃÂî ÃÂþÃÂÃÂñÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂ
ýîøÃÂàõÃÂùüÃÂÃÂõïÃÂÿ ñÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂì, ñúÃÂüñ úñù üõ øìýñÃÂÿ. | |||
=== | ===àÃÂýñòïÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂûùÿúõýÃÂÃÂùÃÂüÿÃÂ=== | ||
ÃÂõÃÂì ñÃÂàñùÃÂýõàÃÂùÃÂÃÂîÃÂ, ÿ ÃÂùúÃÂûñÿàÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂýùúÿà(1473-1543), àÿûÃÂýÃÂàñÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýÃÂüÿà(õùúÃÂýñ 1.7ñ), ÃÂÿÃÂ
úñÃÂì ÃÂìÃÂñ ÃÂùøñýÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ óýÃÂÃÂùöõ ÃÂ÷ øõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂïÃÂÃÂñÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ
(óõóÿýÃÂàÃÂÿÃÂ
ôõý ÃÂÃÂõù õþñúÃÂùòÃÂøõï, ñûûì ñÃÂ
ÃÂàùÃÂÃÂÃÂ
ÃÂïöÿýÃÂñù ÃÂÿûûÿï õÃÂùÃÂÃÂîüÿýõÃÂ), õÃÂñýñôùñÃÂÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂýõù (ñûûì üõ õÃÂùÃÂÃÂ÷üÿýùúÃÂÃÂõÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂûÃÂÿý) ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂûùÿúõýÃÂÃÂùúî ìÃÂÿÃÂ÷, ÃÂÃÂù ô÷ûñôî ÃÂÿ úÃÂýÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàõïýñù ÿ [[ÃÂûùÿÃÂ]] úñù ÃÂÃÂù óÃÂÃÂàñÃÂàÃÂÿý ÃÂûùÿ ÃÂõÃÂùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýÃÂñù ÿù ÃÂûñýîÃÂõÃÂ. | |||
ÃÂÃÂàÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂòÿ ýñ ü÷ý úñÃÂ÷óÿÃÂ÷øõï úñù ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂñýÃÂÃÂàýñ ü÷ý ÃÂùüÃÂÃÂ÷øõï ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý õúúû÷ÃÂïñ (îÃÂñý ôùÿÃÂùÃÂüÃÂýÿàÃÂ
ÃÂìûû÷ûÿàôùñ òïÿÃÂ
ÃÂõ úñøõôÃÂùúàýñÃÂ), ÿù ñÃÂÃÂÃÂõùàÃÂÿÃÂ
ñÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂàõïôñý ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂàÃÂ÷àô÷üÿÃÂùÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñàüõ ÃÂõÃÂ
ôÃÂýÃÂ
üÿ ñúÃÂùòÃÂàÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂÿàÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂøñýõ. æÃÂ
ÃÂùúì, ÿù ñÃÂÃÂÃÂõùàÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂýùúÿÃÂ
(ÃÂÃÂÃÂàõþìûûÿÃÂ
úñù ÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂïÃÂÃÂñÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ
) îÃÂñý ñÃÂûÃÂàÃÂ
ÃÂÿøÃÂÃÂõùÃÂ, ÃÂÃÂÃÂïàñÃÂÿôõïþõùÃÂ. ÃÂÃÂÿüÃÂýÃÂÃÂ, ôõý îÃÂñý ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂ
ÃÂÿøÃÂÃÂõùàñûîøõùñÃÂ, ÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂ
ÃÂÿøÃÂÃÂõùàñÃÂûÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñÃÂ, óùñÃÂï ÃÂôùýñý üùñ ñÃÂûî, ô÷û. ÃÂùÿ ûÿóùúî, ìÃÂÿÃÂ÷ óùñ ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ñÃÂàñÃÂ
ÃÂîý ÃÂÿÃÂ
àÃÂÿûõüñïÿÃÂ
. | |||
=== | ===àÃÂñûùûñïÿàúñù ÿù ñýÃÂùôÃÂìÃÂõùàÃÂֈÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂúõïñÃÂ=== | ||
çÃÂõùìÃÂÃÂ÷úñý õúñÃÂàÃÂõÃÂïÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ ñÃÂàÃÂÃÂÃÂõ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ô÷üÿÃÂùõÃÂÃÂ÷úñý ÿù ñÃÂÃÂÃÂõùàÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂýùúÿÃÂ
, óùñ ýñ ÃÂùàÃÂìÃÂõù úìÃÂÿùÿàÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂÿòñÃÂì úñù ýñ ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂñøîÃÂõù ýñ ñÃÂÿôõïþõù ÃÂÃÂù îÃÂñý ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ. ÃÂÃÂ
ÃÂàÃÂÿ ÃÂúñýõ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿàÿ [[Galileo, Galilei|ÃÂñûùûñïÿÃÂ]] (1564-1642), ÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂö÷ÃÂõ ÃÂÃÂ÷ý àïöñ ÃÂֈÃÂÃÂñûïñÃÂ. ÃÂù ñÃÂÿôõïþõùàÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂïÃÂø÷úñý ÃÂÃÂùàÃÂñÃÂñÃÂ÷ÃÂîÃÂõùàÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂúñýõ ÿ ïôùÿàüõ ÃÂÿ ÃÂ÷ûõÃÂúÃÂÃÂùÿ, ÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂ
ÃÂîÃÂþõ úñù ÿ õÃÂõÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂÃÂֈÃÂÿÃÂ
. | |||
àñÃÂñÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂýÃÂñàÃÂùàúùýîÃÂõùàÃÂÃÂý ÃÂûñý÷ÃÂÃÂý, ôùñÃÂïÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõ ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÃÂìóüñÃÂù ÿ [[ÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂýùúÿÃÂ]] õïÃÂõ ôïúñùÿ, úñù õþÃÂôÃÂÃÂõ ÃÂÿ 1632 ÃÂÃÂõÃÂùúàÃÂÃÂóóÃÂñüüñ. ÃÂùñ ÃÂùàñýñúñûÃÂÃÂõùàÃÂÿÃÂ
ñÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂàõôùÃÂÃÂø÷ ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý [[ÃÂñøÿûùúùÃÂüÃÂÃÂ|áÃÂüñùÿúñøÿûùúî ÃÂúúû÷ÃÂïñ]], õÃÂõùôî îÃÂñý ñýÃÂïøõÃÂõàüõ ÃÂùàÃÂÃÂÃÂõ ÃÂñÃÂñôõúÃÂÃÂàúÿÃÂüÿûÿóùúÃÂàñÃÂÃÂÃÂõùàúñù ñýÃÂïøõÃÂõàñÃÂàÃÂùàøÃÂÃÂõùàÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂû÷. | |||
ÃÂìûùÃÂÃÂñ ôõ, ÃÂÃÂÿúõùüÃÂýÿÃÂ
ýñ ñÃÂÿÃÂÃÂóõù ÃÂÿ øìýñÃÂÿ, ñýñúìûõÃÂõ ÃÂàûñýøñÃÂüÃÂýõàÃÂùàñýñúñûÃÂÃÂõùàÃÂÿÃÂ
óùñ ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂüÃÂñý, ÃÂÃÂ
ýÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂüõýÿàüõ ÃÂùàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂàÃÂñÃÂñôõúÃÂÃÂàúÿÃÂüÿûÿóùúÃÂàñÃÂÃÂÃÂõùÃÂ. ÃÂÃÂÃÂù ÷ ÃÂõÃÂì ÃÂþÃÂÃÂñÃÂ÷ üõÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂõ ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂÿùýî ÃÂÿÃÂ
øñýìÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂõ úñÃÂâ ÿïúÿý ÃÂõÃÂùÿÃÂùÃÂüÃÂ, ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ
úñù ÃÂõûùúì ÃÂÃÂøñýõ ñÃÂàÃÂÃÂ
ÃÂùúàøìýñÃÂÿ. | |||
=== | ===àáÃÂûÿàÃÂÿÃÂ
ä÷ûõÃÂúÃÂÃÂùÿÃÂ
=== | ||
ÃÂõýÃÂÃÂùúàÃÂÃÂûÿ ÃÂÃÂ÷ý õþÃÂûùþ÷ ÃÂ÷àóýÃÂÃÂ÷àóùñ ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ÃÂÃÂõùþõ ÷ ñýñúìûÃÂ
ÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿÃÂ
[[ÃÂ÷ûõÃÂúÃÂÃÂùÿ|ÃÂ÷ûõÃÂúÃÂÃÂùÿÃÂ
]]. | |||
ÃÂõÃÂì ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ñýñúìûÃÂ
ÃÂ÷ ñÃÂ
ÃÂî, ÷ ÃÂÃÂõÃÂ
ýñ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàñÃÂÃÂïöõù ýñ ÃÂñïÃÂýõù ÃÂ÷ üÿÃÂÃÂî üùñàõÃÂùÃÂÃÂ÷üÿýùúîàõÃÂóñÃÂïñÃÂ. ÃÂõ ÃÂ÷ òÿîøõùñ ñÃÂ
ÃÂÿàÃÂÿÃÂ
ÿÃÂóìýÿÃÂ
, õÃÂùÃÂõÃÂÃÂø÷úõ ÷ ôùõÃÂÃÂÃÂ
ýÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂý ÿÃÂñÃÂÃÂý ÃÂÃÂÿý ìýøÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ ÿÃÂïÃÂý ÃÂÿÃÂ
. | |||
ÃÂÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ֟ÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ÿ ÃÂñûùûñïÿàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂõ, óùñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿÃÂì ÃÂÿ [[ÃÂ÷ûõÃÂúÃÂÃÂùÿ]] ÃÂÃÂÿàÃÂÿý ÿÃÂ
ÃÂñýàúñù õïôõ ÃÂñ ÿÃÂ
ÃÂìýùñ ÃÂÃÂüñÃÂñ üõóõýøÃÂ
üÃÂýñ, óõóÿýÃÂàÃÂÿÃÂ
ôõý õïÃÂõ ÃÂÃÂ
üòõï ÃÂÿÃÂàüÃÂÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÃÂÃÂõ, ÷ ñýøÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ ìûûñþõ üùñ óùñ ÃÂìýÃÂñ. ÃÂùñ ÃÂñÃÂìôõùóüñ îÃÂñý ÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿàÃÂÿÃÂ
õïôõ ÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂìýàÃÂÃÂ÷ [[ãõûîý÷]], ÃÂÿÃÂ
à[[æÃÂ
ÃÂùúÃÂàÃÂÿÃÂÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ|ôÿÃÂÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂ]] ÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂïñ, ÃÂÿ üùÃÂÿÃÂÃÂóóñÃÂÿ ÃÂֈÃÂÃÂÃÂÿôïÃÂ÷ÃÂ, ÃÂÿÃÂ
à[[àûñý÷ÃÂùúÃÂàÃÂñúÃÂÃÂûùÿÃÂ|ôñúÃÂÃÂ
ûïÿÃÂ
ÃÂ]] ÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂÃÂýÿÃÂ
úñù ÃÂùà[[ÃÂûùñúî ÃÂ÷ûïôñ|ú÷ûïôõÃÂ]] ÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂûùÿÃÂ
. | |||
ÃÂÃÂñý ÿ ÃÂñûùûñïÿàñýñúÃÂïýÃÂÃÂõ ÃÂÃÂù õïôõ üõ ÃÂÿ ÃÂ÷ûõÃÂúÃÂÃÂùàÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂ÷ý ãõûîý÷, ÿ ÃÂùûÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÿàCesare Cremonini îÃÂñý ÃÂýñàñÃÂàñÃÂ
ÃÂÿÃÂàÃÂÿÃÂ
ñÃÂýîø÷úñý ñúÃÂüñ úñù ýñ õûÃÂóþÿÃÂ
ý úÿùÃÂÃÂýÃÂñÃÂ, ùÃÂÃÂÃÂ
ÃÂùöÃÂüõýÿàÃÂÃÂù ÿ ÃÂÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂû÷àõïÃÂõ ñÃÂÿôõïþõï ÃÂÃÂù ÷ ãõûîý÷ îÃÂñý ÃÂÃÂûõùñ ÃÂÃÂñïÃÂñ. ÃÂýìûÿóñ ÃÂÃÂÿòûîüñÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂúÃÂ
ÃÂñý ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ñýñúìûÃÂ
ÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂý ÷ûùñúÃÂý ú÷ûïôÃÂý. | |||
ÃÂñÃÂì ÃÂñÃÂÃÂüÿùÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ ìûûñþõ ÃÂÃÂñý ÿ ìýøÃÂÃÂÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂõ, óùñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿÃÂì, ÃÂÿ üùúÃÂÿÃÂúÃÂÃÂùÿ ÃÂÃÂÿàÿÃÂùôîÃÂÿÃÂõ ÃÂÿ ÃÂüÃÂÃÂ
ÃÂÿ úñù ìÃÂÃÂ
ÃÂÿ úñù õïôõ ÃÂ÷ ôÿüî ÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂ. | |||
ãÃÂ÷ ÃÂ÷üõÃÂùýî üìûùÃÂÃÂñ õÃÂÿÃÂî, üõ ÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂùüÿÃÂÿï÷ÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂý ÷ûõúÃÂÃÂÿýùúÃÂý úñÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂùúÃÂý ÃÂ÷ûõÃÂúÿÃÂïÃÂý, ÃÂñ ÿÃÂÿïñ ÃÂñÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂùìöÿÃÂ
ý ÃÂÿûàüùúÃÂî [[ôùìøûñÃÂ÷]] úñù ñþùÃÂûÿó÷ ùúñýÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ [[üõóÃÂøÃÂ
ýÃÂ÷|üõóÃÂøÃÂ
ýÃÂ÷ÃÂ]], ôÃÂø÷úõ ÷ ôÃÂ
ýñÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ ýñ üõûõÃÂ÷øÿÃÂý úÃÂÃÂüÿù ÃÂÿÃÂ
ñÃÂÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ
ý õúñÃÂÿüüÃÂÃÂùñ ÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂàñÃÂàÃÂ÷ ÃÂ÷. | |||
=== | ===ÃÂõÃÂÃÂÃÂý úñù ÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ=== | ||
äÿ ÃÂÃÂÿàÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂøñýõ ÿ ÃÂñûùûñïÿÃÂ, ô÷û. ÃÂÿ 1642, óõýýîø÷úõ ÃÂýñàìûûÿÃÂ, õÃÂïÃÂֈÃÂÿûàüõóìûÿàõÃÂùÃÂÃÂîüÃÂý, ÿ ÃÂÃÂõÃÂñýÃÂàÃÂÃÂñìú [[Newton|ÃÂõÃÂÃÂÃÂý]] ÿ ÿÃÂÿïÿÃÂ, ÃÂÃÂÃÂàúñù ÿ ÃÂñûùûñïÿÃÂ, ÃÂö÷ÃÂõ üÃÂÃÂÃÂù ÃÂñ òñøùì ÃÂÿÃÂ
ó÷ÃÂñÃÂõùì (1642-1727). àÃÂõÃÂÃÂÃÂýñàô÷üÿÃÂïõÃÂ
ÃÂõ ÃÂÿ 1687 ÃÂÿ òùòûïÿ ÃÂÿÃÂ
üõ ÃÂïÃÂûÿ ëæùûÿÃÂÿÃÂïñ ÃÂÃÂý æÃÂ
ÃÂùúÃÂý ÃÂÃÂùÃÂÃÂ֟ÃÂýû, ÃÂýñ ñÃÂàÃÂñ ÃÂ÷üñýÃÂùúÃÂÃÂõÃÂñ òùòûïñ ÃÂ÷àñýøÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñàñÃÂÿàõÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂñÃÂõ òñøÃÂÃÂñÃÂñ ÃÂ÷ý ñýÃÂïû÷ÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ñýøÃÂÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ
óùñ ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý. ÃÂúõï ÿ ÃÂõÃÂÃÂÃÂý, üõ òìÃÂ÷ ÃÂ÷ øõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂ÷àòñÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñÃÂ, ôùñÃÂÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂýõù ÃÂ÷ üñø÷üñÃÂùúî øõüõûïÃÂÃÂ÷, ÃÂÿÃÂ
úñûÃÂÃÂÃÂõù úñù õÃÂñû÷øõÃÂõù ÃÂÃÂù üÃÂýÿ ÃÂñ õÃÂ
ÃÂîüñÃÂñ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂñûùûñïÿÃÂ
óùñ ÃÂÿ ÃÂûùñúàüñàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷üñ, ñûûì úñù óùñ ÃÂÿ óñûñþïñ üñÃÂ, úñù óùñ ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂüÃÂñý ÿûÃÂúû÷ÃÂÿ. | |||
ÃÂÃÂÃÂàÃÂÃÂÿñýÃÂÃÂÃÂø÷úõ, ÃÂÃÂùý ñÃÂàÃÂÿ ÃÂõÃÂÃÂÃÂýñ ÃÂ
ÃÂîÃÂþñý ôÃÂ
ÿ òñÃÂùúÃÂàñÃÂÃÂÃÂõùàóùñ ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý: àÃÂõÃÂúõýÃÂÃÂùúî (ÃÂÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂû÷ÃÂ, àÃÂÿûõüñïÿÃÂ) úñù ÷ ÃÂûùÿúõýÃÂÃÂùúî (ÃÂÃÂïÃÂÃÂñÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ, ÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂýùúÿÃÂ, ÃÂñûùûñïÿÃÂ). | |||
àÃÂõÃÂÃÂÃÂý îÃÂøõ ýñ ÃÂÿ úìýõù ñúÃÂüñ üõóñûÃÂÃÂõÃÂÿ óùñÃÂï ùÃÂÃÂÃÂ
ÃÂïÃÂÃÂ÷úõ ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý õïýñù ìÃÂõùÃÂÿ, úñù ÃÂàõú ÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ
ôõý ÃÂ
ÃÂìÃÂÃÂõù úìÃÂÿùÿ ÃÂ÷üõïÿ ÃÂÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ÃÂÿÃÂ
ýñ õïýñù ÃÂÿ úÃÂýÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂÿÃÂ
úÃÂÃÂüÿÃÂ
. | |||
àôõ ÃÂ÷ õïýñù ÃÂýñàÃÂÃÂ
ý÷øùÃÂüÃÂýÿàÃÂûñýîÃÂ÷àüÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂõ ÃÂýñ ÃÂñûñþïñ, ÃÂÿ ôõ ãÃÂüÃÂñý õïýñù ìÃÂõùÃÂÿ úñù ñÃÂÿÃÂõûõïÃÂñù ñÃÂàôùÃÂõúñÃÂÿüüÃÂÃÂùñ ÃÂñûñþïõÃÂ. | |||
=== | ===ÃÂ ÃÂÃÂ
üòÿûî ÃÂ÷àãÃÂõÃÂùúÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñÃÂ=== | ||
ãÃÂùàñÃÂÃÂÃÂàÃÂÿÃÂ
õùúÿÃÂÃÂÿàñùÃÂýñ üùñ ÃÂùÿýÿÃÂÃÂùòìôñ ñÃÂàñýñúñûÃÂÃÂõùàìûûñþñý ñúÃÂüñ ÃÂñÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂ÷ý ñýÃÂïû÷ÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ñýøÃÂÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ
, ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ óùñ ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂüÃÂñý (ÃÂÿý üñúÃÂÃÂúÿÃÂüÿ), ÃÂÃÂÿ úñù óùñ ÃÂ÷ ôÿüî ÃÂֈÃÂû÷à(ÃÂÿý üùúÃÂÃÂúÿÃÂüÿ). äÿ 1915, ÿ ÃÂÃÂ
ÃÂùúÃÂà[[Einstein]], ô÷üÿÃÂïõÃÂ
ÃÂõ ÃÂÿ òùòûïÿ ÃÂÿÃÂ
üõ ÃÂïÃÂûÿ ëàÃÂõýùúõÃÂ
üÃÂý÷ ÃÂõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂ÷àãÃÂõÃÂùúÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñÃÂû, ÃÂýñ òùòûïÿ ñýìûÿó÷ÃÂ, ïÃÂÃÂàúñù üõóñûÃÂÃÂõÃÂֈÃÂ÷üñÃÂïñàüõ ñÃÂ
ÃÂàÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂõÃÂÃÂÃÂýñ. àEinstein òõûÃÂùÃÂýõù ÃÂ÷ý ñýÃÂïû÷ÃÂî üñàóùñ ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý, ôùÿÃÂøÃÂýÿýÃÂñàúñù ÃÂÃÂ
üÃÂû÷ÃÂÃÂýÿýÃÂñàÃÂÿý ÃÂõÃÂÃÂÃÂýñ ÃÂõ ÃÂÿûûì ÃÂ÷üõïñ. | |||
=== | ===ÃÂùñÃÂÿÃÂÃÂàÃÂõÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂýõùÿÃÂ
úñù ãÃÂõÃÂùúùÃÂÃÂùúÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ=== | ||
ÃÂùñ ÃÂñÃÂìôõùóüñ, ÿ ÃÂõÃÂÃÂÃÂýñàøõÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂõ ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂüÃÂñý õïýñù ÃÂÃÂñøõÃÂÃÂ, üõ ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂýýÿùñ ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂûñ ÃÂñ ÿÃÂ
ÃÂìýùñ ÃÂÃÂüñÃÂñ ÃÂ
ÃÂîÃÂþñý ñýÃÂúñøõý ÃÂÃÂÃÂàõïýñù ÃÂîüõÃÂñ úñù ÃÂÃÂù úùýÿÃÂýÃÂñù ñÃÂüÿýùúì ÃÂÃÂÿý ÿÃÂ
ÃÂñýÃÂ. ÃÂüÃÂÃÂ, ÃÂÃÂüÃÂÃÂýñ üõ ÃÂÿ ýÃÂüÿ ÃÂ÷àòñÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñÃÂ, øñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂõ ÃÂÿ ÃÂýñ ÿÃÂ
ÃÂìýùÿ ÃÂÃÂüñ ýñ õûúÃÂõù úñù õÃÂÿüÃÂýÃÂàýñ ÃÂû÷ÃÂùìöõù ÃÂÿ ìûûÿ úñù ÃÂÃÂÃÂù ÃÂùóì-ÃÂùóì ÃÂûñ ÃÂñ ÿÃÂ
ÃÂìýùñ ÃÂÃÂüñÃÂñ ýñ üñöõÃÂ
ÃÂÿÃÂý ÃÂâ ÃÂýñ ÃÂ÷üõïÿ, ÃÂÿ ÃÂýñ õÃÂìýàÃÂÃÂÿ ìûûÿ, ÃÂñý ÃÂýñàÃÂÿûàüõóìûÿàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂàñÃÂàÿÃÂ
ÃÂìýùñ ÃÂÃÂüñÃÂñ. äÿ óùñÃÂï ñÃÂ
ÃÂàôõý ÃÂÃÂ
üòñïýõù ôõý üÃÂÿÃÂÿÃÂÃÂõ ýñ ÃÂÿ õþ÷óîÃÂõù úñù ÃÂÿ ñÃÂÃÂôùôõ ÃÂõ øõÃÂúî ôÃÂýñü÷, ÃÂÿÃÂ
úÃÂñÃÂÿÃÂÃÂõ ÃÂñ ÿÃÂ
ÃÂìýùñ ÃÂÃÂüñÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂüÃÂñý ÃÂÃÂùàøÃÂÃÂõùàÃÂÿÃÂ
àúñù õÃÂÿüÃÂýÃÂàÿûÃÂúû÷ÃÂÿ ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂüÃÂñý ÃÂõ ÃÂÃÂñøõÃÂî úñÃÂìÃÂÃÂñÃÂ÷. ÃÂõ ÃÂ÷ý ìÃÂÿÃÂ÷ ñÃÂ
ÃÂî ÃÂÃÂ
üÃÂÃÂý÷ÃÂõ ÿÃÂ
ÃÂùñÃÂÃÂùúì úñù ÿ ÃÂÃÂýÃÂÃÂìùý, ñûûì ôùñÃÂÃÂý÷ÃÂõ õý üÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂ
ÃÂÿÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂïöÿýÃÂñàÃÂÃÂù úìÃÂÿùñ ÿÃÂ
ÃÂìýùñ ÃÂÃÂüñÃÂñ üÃÂÿÃÂÿÃÂý ýâ ñûûÿùÃÂøÿÃÂý, ÃÂÃÂÃÂàÃÂ.ÃÂ. ÃÂýñàüõóìûÿàñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñàýñ úñÃÂñÃÂÃÂõÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂõ ñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñ ýõÃÂÃÂÿýïÃÂý î ýñ óïýõù üùñ üñÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñ. ÃÂâ ñÃÂ
ÃÂî ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂýýÿùñ, ÿ ÃÂÃÂýÃÂÃÂìùý ÃÂ
ÃÂÿÃÂÃÂîÃÂùöõ ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂüÃÂñý ôõý õïýñù ÃÂÃÂñøõÃÂÃÂ, ñûûì ôÃÂ
ýñüùúÃÂ. | |||
=== | ===çÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýÿÃÂ=== | ||
àüõóìû÷ ÃÂÃÂ
üòÿûî ÃÂÿÃÂ
[[Einstein]] ÿÃÂõïûõÃÂñù ÃÂÃÂ÷ý õùÃÂñóÃÂóî üùñàýÃÂñàÃÂýýÿùñàÃÂàòìÃÂ÷àüõûÃÂÃÂ÷àúñù õÃÂü÷ýõïñàÃÂÿÃÂ
ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ, ÃÂֈÃÂýýÿùñàÃÂÿÃÂ
[[çÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýÿÃÂ|çÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýÿÃÂ
]]. | |||
à[[ÃÂÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂû÷ÃÂ]] ÃÂ
ÃÂÿÃÂÃÂîÃÂùöõ ÃÂÃÂù úñù ÿ çÃÂÃÂÿàúñù ÿ çÃÂÃÂýÿàõïýñù ñÃÂÃÂûÃÂ
ÃÂÿù. | |||
à[[ÃÂõÃÂÃÂÃÂý]] ÃÂ
ÃÂÿÃÂÃÂîÃÂùöõ ÃÂÃÂù ÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿàõïýñù ÃÂÃÂõÃÂùúÃÂÃÂ, ñûûì ÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂýÿàõïýñù ñÃÂÃÂûÃÂ
ÃÂÿÃÂ. | |||
à[[Einstein]] ñÃÂÃÂôõùþõ ÃÂÃÂù úñù ÿ [[çÃÂÃÂýÿÃÂ|XÃÂÃÂýÿÃÂ]] úñù ÿ [[çÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ|çÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ]] õïýñù ÃÂýÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂõàÃÂÃÂõÃÂùúÃÂàúñù ñôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂùÃÂÃÂõàúñù ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ÃÂ
ÃÂìÃÂÃÂõù úñù õþõûïÃÂÃÂõÃÂñù üÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÿ [[çÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýÿÃÂ|çÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýÿ]]. | |||
=== | ===ÃÂùñÃÂÃÂÿûî ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ=== | ||
[[Image:UniverseHistory-goog.jpg|thumb|160px| | [[Image:UniverseHistory-goog.jpg|thumb|160px|ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿÃÂïñ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ]] | ||
äÿ 1929, ÿ Edwin Hubble (1888-1953), ñÃÂÃÂôõùþõ ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ôõý õïýñù ÃÂÃÂÃÂàÃÂÿ ÃÂñýÃÂìÃÂÃÂ÷úñý ÿ [[ÃÂõÃÂÃÂÃÂý]] úñù ÿ [[Einstein]], ñûûì õïýñù ÃÂýñ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂ
ýõÃÂÃÂàôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂûûõÃÂñù. ãÃÂ
óúõúÃÂùüÃÂýñ, ñýñúìûÃÂ
ÃÂõ ÃÂÃÂù ÿù [[ÃÂñûñþïñÃÂ|ÃÂñûñþïõÃÂ]] ñÃÂÿüñúÃÂÃÂýÿýÃÂñù üõÃÂñþàÃÂÿÃÂ
àüõ üõóìû÷ ÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ, ÷ ôõ ÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ ñÃÂ
ÃÂî üõóñûÃÂýõù (óÃÂñüüùúì), ÃÂÃÂñý üõóñûÃÂýõù úñù ÷ ñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ñÃÂÿüñúÃÂÃÂ
ýÃÂüõýÿÃÂ
óñûñþïñ. àñýñúìûÃÂ
ÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿÃÂ
Hubble ìÃÂ÷ÃÂõ úñÃÂìÃÂû÷úÃÂÿ ÃÂÿý [[Einstein]], úñøÃÂàûÃÂóõÃÂñù ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÃÂñý ÃÂû÷ÃÂÿÃÂÿÃÂîø÷úõ ÃÂ÷ý ñýñúìûÃÂ
ÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿÃÂ
[[Hubble]] ñýñÃÂÃÂý÷ÃÂõ: ëÃÂÃÂ
ÃÂàÃÂÿ ûìøÿàÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂúñýñ õïýñù ÃÂÿ üõóñûÃÂÃÂõÃÂÿ ÃÂ÷àöÃÂîàüÿÃÂ
û (ô÷û. ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂïÃÂÃÂõÃÂ
õ ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ôõý ôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂûûõÃÂñù ÿÃÂÃÂõ ÃÂÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂÃÂûûõÃÂñù, ñûûì ÃÂñÃÂñüÃÂýõù ÃÂÃÂñøõÃÂÃÂ). | |||
àñýñúìûÃÂ
ÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿÃÂ
Hubble ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂûûõÃÂñù ìûûñþõ ÃÂùöùúì ÃÂ÷ý ñýÃÂïû÷ÃÂî üñàóùñ ñÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂ. äÿ ÃÂÃÂù ôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂûûõÃÂñù ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ÃÂ÷üñïýõù ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÃÂÿ÷óÿÃÂ
üÃÂýÃÂàîÃÂñý ÃÂùÿ üùúÃÂÃÂ. ÃÂìûùÃÂÃÂñ, ÃÂ÷óñïýÿýÃÂñàÃÂÿûàÃÂïÃÂàÃÂÃÂÿ çÃÂÃÂýÿ ÃÂÿ ÃÂñïýõÃÂñù ýñ îÃÂñý ÃÂýñ ÃÂ
ûùúàÃÂ÷üõïÿ. ÃÂù ÃÂÃÂóÃÂÃÂÿýÿù ñÃÂÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂ
ÃÂùúÿï, üõÃÂñþàÃÂÃÂý ÿÃÂÿïÃÂý úñù ÿ ãÃÂïòõý [[ÃÂawking]], ÃÂ
ÃÂÿÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂïöÿÃÂ
ý ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÃÂìóüñÃÂù ÃÂÃÂÃÂù ÃÂóùýõ, ÃÂÃÂù ô÷û. ÃÂûñ ìÃÂÃÂùÃÂñý üõ ÃÂ÷ [[ÃÂõóìû÷ ÃÂúÃÂ÷þ÷]] úñù ÃÂúÃÂÿÃÂõ ñÃÂ
ÃÂàôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂûûõÃÂñù ÃÂÃÂ
ýõÃÂÃÂÃÂ. äÿ óõóÿýÃÂàÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂûûõÃÂñù, ÃÂÃÂÃÂàîÃÂñý ñýñüõýÃÂüõýÿ, üõÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂõ ÃÂÿ øÃÂüñ ÃÂ÷àô÷üùÿÃÂ
ÃÂóïñàÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàñÃÂàÃÂÿý ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂֈ[[ÃÂõÃÂñÃÂÃÂ
ÃÂùúî|ÃÂõÃÂñÃÂÃÂ
ÃÂùúîÃÂ]] úñù ÃÂֈÃÂõÿûÿóïñàÃÂÃÂÿý ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂֈ[[ÃÂÃÂùÃÂÃÂîü÷|ÃÂÃÂùÃÂÃÂîü÷ÃÂ]]. | |||
=== | ===ãúÿÃÂõùýî ÃÂû÷ úñù ãúÿÃÂõùýî ÃÂýÃÂÃÂóõùñ=== | ||
àÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñÃÂ÷ øõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂ
ÃÂÿÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂïöõù ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÃÂÃÂñ ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ÃÂû÷ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàÃÂÿÃÂ
üÃÂÃÂÃÂù ÃÂîüõÃÂñ óýÃÂÃÂïöñüõ, ÃÂ
ÃÂìÃÂÃÂõù úñù ÷ ëÃÂúÿÃÂõùýî ÃÂû÷û. àãúÿÃÂõùýî ÃÂû÷ úÃÂ
ÃÂùñÃÂÃÂõï ÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂüÃÂñý (ÃÂìýàñÃÂàÃÂÿ 90% ÃÂֈÃÂû÷àÃÂÿÃÂ
ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàõïýñù ÃÂúÿÃÂõùýî) úñù ÃÂñïýõÃÂñù ÃÂÃÂù ûõùÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂóõï õÃÂ
õÃÂóõÃÂùúì ÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂñùýÃÂüõýÿ ÃÂ÷àôùñÃÂÃÂÿûîàÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ, ô÷û. ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂýõù ÃÂÃÂÿàÃÂñ ëÃÂþÃÂû úñù óùâ ñÃÂ
ÃÂàúñÃÂì úÃÂÃÂùÿ ûÃÂóÿ, ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂüÃÂñý ôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂûûõÃÂñù. ÃÂýÿüìöõÃÂñù ÃÂúÿÃÂõùýî ÃÂû÷ óùñÃÂï ôõý ñúÃÂùýÿòÿûõï úñù õÃÂÿüÃÂýÃÂàôõý ÃÂñïýõÃÂñù. | |||
=== | ===àÿûÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂ
üÃÂñýÃÂùúÃÂàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõùÃÂ=== | ||
äÃÂûÿÃÂ, ÃÂ÷üõùÃÂýÿÃÂ
üõ ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂ
ÃÂÿÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂïöõÃÂñù ÷ ìÃÂÿÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ÃÂÃÂÿ ÿÃÂÿïÿ öÿÃÂüõ ôõý õïýñù ÃÂÿ üÃÂýÿ. ÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ
ý úñù ìûûñ ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂñ, ÃÂñ ÿÃÂÿïñ õýôÃÂÃÂõÃÂñù ýñ õïýñù ÃÂùÿ õýôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýÃÂñ úñù ÃÂùÿ õýÃÂÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂÃÂùñúì úñù ÃÂùÿ ÃÂüÿÃÂÃÂñ ñÃÂàÃÂÿ ôùúàüñÃÂ. | |||
== | ==ãÃÂüÃÂñý úñù æÃÂ
ÃÂùúÃÂàÃÂõÃÂÃÂïõÃÂ== | ||
ãîüõÃÂñ ÃÂ
ÃÂìÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ
ý ôÃÂÿ òñÃÂùúÃÂàÃÂÃÂÿÃÂõóóïÃÂõùàÃÂ÷àæÃÂ
ÃÂùúîàóùñ ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý. àüïñ õþ÷óõï ÃÂÿý ÃÂõóìúÿÃÂüÿ (õïýñù ÷ øõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂֈÃÂÃÂõÃÂùúÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñàÃÂÿÃÂ
Einstein) úñù ÷ ìûû÷ õþ÷óõï ÃÂÿý MùúÃÂÃÂúÿÃÂüÿ (õïýñù ÷ ÃÂòñýÃÂùúî ÃÂõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂÿÃÂ
Schrodinger, ÃÂÿÃÂ
Heisenberg, ÃÂÿÃÂ
Planck úñù ìûûÃÂý). àøõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂ÷àãÃÂõÃÂùúÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñàôõý üÃÂÿÃÂõï ýñ õÃÂü÷ýõÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂÿ ÃÂùúÃÂÃÂúÿÃÂüÿ, ñûûì ÿÃÂÃÂõ úñù ÷ ÃÂòñýÃÂÿü÷ÃÂñýùúî üÃÂÿÃÂõï ýñ õÃÂü÷ýõÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂÿý ÃÂõóìúÿÃÂüÿ. | |||
àñýìóú÷ óùñ üïñ úñù üÃÂý÷ øõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂÿÃÂ
øñ õïýñù ùúñýî ýñ õÃÂü÷ýõÃÂÃÂõù úñù ÃÂÿý üñúÃÂÃÂúÿÃÂüÿ úñù ÃÂÿý üùúÃÂÃÂúÿÃÂüÿ õïýñù ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂñýîÃÂ. ÃÂùñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿùñ øõÃÂÃÂïñ ÿýÿüìöõÃÂñù ëõýÿÃÂ؝֟ÃÂý÷ øõÃÂÃÂïñû î ë[[ÃÂõÃÂÃÂïñ àñýÃÂÃÂÃÂ|ÃÂõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂÿÃÂ
àñýÃÂÃÂÃÂ]]û. ÃÂùñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿùñ øõÃÂÃÂïñ õÃÂùôùÃÂúÿÃÂ
ý ÃÂùàÃÂõûõÃÂ
ÃÂñïõàôõúñõÃÂïõàÃÂÿûûÿï øõÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂùúÿï ÃÂÃÂ
ÃÂùúÿï ñÃÂñýÃÂñÃÂÿàÃÂֈÃÂ÷ÃÂ, ñûûì ñúÃÂüñ ôõý ÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ
ý úñÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂõù (ÿ Einstein ñÃÂùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõ ÃÂñ ÃÂõûõÃÂ
ÃÂñïñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ ÃÂ÷àöÃÂîàÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂÿ øÃÂüñ ÃÂ÷àøõÃÂÃÂïñàÃÂÃÂý ÃÂìýÃÂÃÂý, ÃÂÃÂÃÂïàÃÂüÃÂàõÃÂùÃÂÃÂ
ÃÂïñ). | |||
== | ==ãÃÂüÃÂñý úñù ÃÂÃÂî== | ||
à[[öÃÂî]] õïýñù ÃÂýñ [[ÃÂñùýÃÂüõýÿ]] ùôùñïÃÂõÃÂֈÃÂ÷üñÃÂïñàóùñ ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý. àøÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂ÷àöÃÂîàüÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂõ ñÃÂ
ÃÂàøñ ÃÂõÃÂùóÃÂñÃÂõï ÃÂõ ùôùñïÃÂõÃÂÿ ìÃÂøÃÂÿ ÃÂÿÃÂ
øñ ôùñüÿÃÂÃÂÃÂøõï ÃÂÃÂ÷ý õóúÃÂ
úûÿÃÂñïôõùñ. | |||
== | ==ãÃÂüÃÂñý úñù ÃÂõÃÂÃÂ== | ||
àÃÂÃÂñÃÂþ÷ ÷ ü÷ õýÃÂà[[ÃÂõÃÂÃÂ|ÃÂõÿÃÂ]] - ÃÂ÷üùÿÃÂ
ÃÂóÿàÃÂÿÃÂ
ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàõïýñù ÃÂýñ, õÃÂïÃÂ÷ÃÂ, ÃÂÿûàñúñýøÃÂôõàöîÃÂ÷üñ. | |||
àÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂֈÃÂýýÿùñà"ÃÂõÃÂÃÂ" üõ ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý øñ ÃÂõÃÂùóÃÂñÃÂõï ÃÂõ ùôùñïÃÂõÃÂÿ ìÃÂøÃÂÿ ÃÂÿÃÂ
øñ ôùñüÿÃÂÃÂÃÂøõï ÃÂÃÂ÷ý õóúÃÂ
úûÿÃÂñïôõùñ. | |||
== | ==ÃÂÃÂôõúñ ÃÂýñÃÂìýÃÂ÷ÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂîüñÃÂñ== | ||
ÃÂù ôÃÂôõúñ úÃÂïÃÂùüõàõÃÂÃÂÃÂîÃÂõùàÃÂÿÃÂ
÷ ñÃÂìýÃÂ÷ÃÂî ÃÂÿÃÂ
àñóýÿõïÃÂñù î ñüÃÂùÃÂò÷ÃÂõïÃÂñù (ñûûì ÃÂñÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýñ, øõÃÂÃÂõïÃÂñù ìúÃÂÃÂàñÃÂñÃÂñïÃÂ÷ÃÂ÷ óùñ ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂõÃÂñùÃÂÃÂÃÂàúñÃÂñýÃÂ÷ÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ) õïýñù: | |||
# | # àÿùÃÂàõïýñù ÿù üìöõàÃÂÃÂý [[ýõÃÂÃÂïýÿ|ýõÃÂÃÂïýÃÂý]], úñù ÃÂÃÂàÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ
ý ôùñüÿÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂ÷ý õþÃÂûùþ÷ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ; | ||
# | # ÃÂïýñù ÃÂñ [[ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂýùÿ|ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ]] ñÃÂÃÂñøî; | ||
# | # àÃÂàÃÂÃÂÿîûøñý ÃÂñ [[ç÷üùúàãÃÂÿùÃÂõïÿ|ÃÂ÷üùúì ÃÂÃÂÿùÃÂõïñ]] ñÃÂàÃÂÿý [[ÃÂïô÷ÃÂÿÃÂ|ÃÂïô÷ÃÂÿ]] ÃÂÃÂàÃÂÿ [[ÿÃÂ
ÃÂìýùÿ|ÿÃÂ
ÃÂìýùÿ]]; | ||
# | # ÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ
ý ýÃÂõàúñÃÂñÃÂÃÂìÃÂõùàÃÂֈ[[ÃÂû÷|ÃÂû÷ÃÂ]] ÃÂÃÂùàõþñùÃÂõÃÂùúì ÃÂ
ÃÂ÷ûÃÂàÃÂÃÂ
úýÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂõàúñù øõÃÂüÿúÃÂñÃÂïõÃÂ; | ||
# | # ÃÂïýñù ÷ [[ÃÂòñýÃÂùúî ÃÂõÃÂÃÂïñ]] ÷ ñúÃÂùòîàøõÃÂÃÂïñ óùñ ÃÂÿý ÃÂùúÃÂÃÂúÿÃÂüÿ úñù ÃÂÿ [[æÃÂÃÂ]] î ñÃÂñùÃÂõïÃÂñù üùñ ýÃÂñ øõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂÃÂùàÃÂ
ÃÂ÷ûÃÂÃÂõÃÂõàõýÃÂÃÂóõùõÃÂ; | ||
# | # ÃÂïýñù ÷ [[ÃÂõýùúî ãÃÂõÃÂùúÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ]] ÃÂÿÃÂ
[[Einstein]] ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂñÃÂ÷ úñù ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂî øõÃÂÃÂïñ óùñ ÃÂ÷ý [[ÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ]]; | ||
# | # ÃÂïýñù ÷ øõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂÿÃÂ
[[Big Bang]] ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂî øõÃÂÃÂïñ óùñ ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂ÷üùÿÃÂ
ÃÂóïñ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ; | ||
# | # ÃÂÃÂàÃÂÿùì ÃÂÃÂüñÃÂïôùñ ñÃÂÿÃÂõûõïÃÂñù ÷ [[ãúÿÃÂõùýî ÃÂû÷]]; | ||
# | # àÿùì õïýñù ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂֈ[[ãúÿÃÂõùýî ÃÂýÃÂÃÂóõùñ|ãúÿÃÂõùýîàÃÂýÃÂÃÂóõùñÃÂ]]; | ||
# | # ÃÂïýñù ÷ [[çÿÃÂôùñúî ÃÂõÃÂÃÂïñ|ÃÂõÃÂÃÂïñ çÿÃÂôÃÂý]] ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂî [[ÃÂýÿÃÂÿù÷ÃÂùúî àõôùñúî ÃÂõÃÂÃÂïñ|øõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂýÿÃÂÿï÷ÃÂֈÃÂûÃÂý ÃÂÃÂý àõôïÃÂý]] úñù õÃÂÿüÃÂýÃÂà÷ [[ÃÂõÃÂÃÂïñ àñýÃÂÃÂÃÂ|ÃÂõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂÿÃÂ
àñýÃÂÃÂÃÂ]]; | ||
# | # ÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ
ý ÿù [[àÃÂÃÂÃÂøõÃÂõàÃÂùñÃÂÃÂìÃÂõùÃÂ]] ô÷û. ìûûõàÃÂÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÿýùúÃÂàôùñÃÂÃÂìÃÂõùÃÂ; | ||
# | # àÃÂÿñÃÂñùÃÂõïÃÂñù ÷ ÃÂÃÂñÃÂþ÷ ÃÂõÿà- ÃÂ÷üùÿÃÂ
ÃÂóÿàóùñ ÃÂ÷ý óÃÂýõÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿÃÂ
ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ; | ||
== | ==ÃÂùòûùÿóÃÂñÃÂïñ== | ||
* | *ÃÂntroduction to Cosmology, J.V.Narlikar, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1993 | ||
*The First Three Minutes: A Modern View of the Origin of the Universe, David Weinberg, BasicBooks | *The First Three Minutes: A Modern View of the Origin of the Universe, David Weinberg, BasicBooks | ||
* | *àÃÂÃÂñÃÂÃÂî ÃÂÿÃÂ
ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ, John Barrow, ÃÂúô. ÃÂìÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ, 1995 | ||
*Perspectives in Astrophysical Cosmology, Martin Rees, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1995 | *Perspectives in Astrophysical Cosmology, Martin Rees, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1995 | ||
*The Quest for the Cosmological Parameters, Manolis Plionis, Springer Lecture Notes in Physics Vol. 592, p.147, eds. Cotsakis & Papantonopoulos, 2002 | *The Quest for the Cosmological Parameters, Manolis Plionis, Springer Lecture Notes in Physics Vol. 592, p.147, eds. Cotsakis & Papantonopoulos, 2002 | ||
== | ==ÃÂûû÷ýùúî ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿóÃÂñÃÂïñ== | ||
*[http://www.livepedia.gr/index.php/%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD | *[http://www.livepedia.gr/index.php/%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD äÿ ÃÂñÃÂÃÂý ìÃÂøÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂïöõÃÂñù ÃÂÃÂÿ ìÃÂøÃÂÿ ñÃÂ
ÃÂàÃÂֈLivepedia] | ||
*[ http://www.astro.noa.gr/journal/Periodic/journal_03plionis.htm | *[ http://www.astro.noa.gr/journal/Periodic/journal_03plionis.htm ÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂÿÃÂúÿÃÂõïÿ ÃÂø÷ýÃÂý] | ||
*[http://66.102.9.104/search?q=cache:nzhRQZrzwRQJ:alex.eled.duth.gr/philocosmia/a3.htm+%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD&hl=el&gl=gr&ct=clnk&cd=7 | *[http://66.102.9.104/search?q=cache:nzhRQZrzwRQJ:alex.eled.duth.gr/philocosmia/a3.htm+%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD&hl=el&gl=gr&ct=clnk&cd=7 ÃÂïñ ÃÂÿûàõý÷üõÃÂÃÂÃÂùúî ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂóóùÃÂ÷ ÃÂֈÃÂýýÿùñàÃÂÿÃÂ
ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ] | ||
*[http://www.neo.gr/website/ergasiamathiti/64.htm Neo.gr - | *[http://www.neo.gr/website/ergasiamathiti/64.htm Neo.gr - àÃÂû÷ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂ÷ ùÃÂÃÂÿÃÂïñ ÃÂֈÃÂþÃÂûùþ÷àÃÂÿÃÂ
ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂûû÷ýùúàÃÂùñôïúÃÂÃÂ
ÿ] | ||
== | ==ÃÂóóûùúî ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿóÃÂñÃÂïñ== | ||
( | (ÃÂîÃÂø÷úõ ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ÃÂóóûùúî Wikipedia) | ||
* [http://www.pbs.org/wnet/hawking/html/home.html ''Stephen Hawking's Universe''] - Where do we come from? How did the universe begin? Why is the universe the way it is? How will it end? | * [http://www.pbs.org/wnet/hawking/html/home.html ''Stephen Hawking's Universe''] - Where do we come from? How did the universe begin? Why is the universe the way it is? How will it end? | ||
* [http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/ Richard Powell: ''An Atlas of the Universe''] - a series of images at various scales, with explanations. | * [http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/ Richard Powell: ''An Atlas of the Universe''] - a series of images at various scales, with explanations. | ||
Γραμμή 339: | Γραμμή 340: | ||
[[Category: | [[Category: ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýÿüïñ]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category: ÃÂÿÃÂüÿûÿóïñ]] |
Αναθεώρηση της 22:30, 8 Ιανουαρίου 2009
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Universe
ÃÂïýñù ÃÂÿ "ÃÂûÿý" ô÷û. ÿÃÂùôîÃÂÿÃÂõ àÃÂìÃÂÃÂõù, (î àÃÂîÃÂÃÂõ î øñ àÃÂìÃÂþõù), ÿÃÂÿàôîÃÂÿÃÂõ.
ÃÂÃÂùÃÂüÿï
ÃÂïýñù ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂýÿûÿ ÃÂÿàÃÂõÃÂùûñüòìýõù ÃÂÿý çÃÂÃÂÿ úñù ÃÂÿý çÃÂÃÂýÿ, úñøÃÂàúñù ÃÂ÷ý àÃÂìÃÂÃÂÿàÃÂñ ÃÂû÷ úñù ÃÂýÃÂÃÂóõùñ úñÃÂì ÃÂàýÃÂÃÂõùñ ôõý üÃÂÿÃÂõï ýñ ýÿ÷øõï ýñ àÃÂìÃÂÃÂõù ÿÃÂùôîÃÂÿÃÂõ õúÃÂÃÂàÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàî ÃÂÃÂùý úñù üõÃÂì ñÃÂàñàÃÂàôõôÿüÃÂýÿàÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÿ "ÃÂÃÂýÿûÿ" ôõ üÃÂÿÃÂõï ýñ õïýñù úñù "àÃÂÿÃÂÃÂýÿûÿ".
ÃÂõ ñÃÂûÃÂàûÃÂþõùÃÂ, õïýñù ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂýÿûÿ ÃÂÃÂý àÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂýÃÂÃÂý ÃÂàÃÂìýùÃÂý ãÃÂüìÃÂÃÂý. àÿýÿüñÃÂïñ ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂùÿÃÂïöõù ÃÂÿ ÿàÃÂìýùÿ ÃÂàýÃÂûÿ ÃÂÿàÃÂõÃÂùÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂñ ÿàÃÂìýùñ ÃÂÃÂüñÃÂñ ÃÂÿàüõÃÂñþàÃÂÿààÃÂõÃÂùûñüòìýõÃÂñù úñù ÷ ÃÂ÷.
ÃÂùÃÂñóÃÂóî
àÃÂ÷, ÿ ÃÂûùÿÃÂ, ÃÂÿ ÃÂûùñúàãÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷üñ, ñúÃÂü÷ úñù ñàÃÂÃÂàÿ ÃÂñûñþïñàÃÂÃÂÿý ÿÃÂÿïÿ ñýîúÿàüõ, ôõý ñýÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂõù ÃÂñÃÂì ÃÂýñ ñÃÂõùÃÂÿõûìÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂÿÃÂÿÃÂÃÂàÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ. ãÃÂ÷ý ÃÂÃÂñóüñÃÂùúÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ ÃÂÿ üÃÂóõøÿàÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàõïýñù ñÃÂÃÂûû÷ÃÂÃÂÿ óùñ ÃÂÿý úÿùýàýÿÃÂ.
àÃÂÃÂÿÃÂûõàÃÂ÷, ÷ óÃÂýõÃÂ÷, ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂîüñ úñù ÷ ÷ûùúïñ ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàñýñÃÂÃÂÿÃÂôùÿÃÂïöÿýÃÂñù ñýìûÿóñ üõÃÂ÷ý õÃÂùúÃÂñÃÂÿÃÂÃÂñ, úñÃÂì õÃÂÿÃÂî, øõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂֈÃÂÿÃÂüÿûÿóïñÃÂ.
ãÃÂõÃÂùúÃÂàÃÂÃÂùÃÂÃÂîüõÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂÃÂùúì, ÃÂÃÂùàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂóÿýõàúÿùýÃÂýïõÃÂ, ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý îÃÂñý ñýÃÂùúõïüõýÿ ÃÂÃÂý ûñÃÂúÃÂý ôÿþñÃÂùÃÂý úñù ÃÂֈÃÂñóõïñÃÂ. ÃÂÃÂñý ÃÂüÃÂÃÂ, ÿÃÂóñýÃÂø÷úñý ÿù úÿùýÃÂýïõàÃÂÃÂÃÂõ ÷ ÃÂýýÿùñ ñàÃÂî (úñøÃÂàîÃÂñý úÃÂïÃÂùü÷àÃÂ÷üñÃÂïñàóùñ ÃÂ÷ý úÿùýÃÂýùúî ÃÂñûùýñóÃÂó÷ÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàÃÂû÷øàÃÂüÿÃÂ) ÃÂÃÂÃÂñÃÂõ ÃÂÃÂ÷ý ñÃÂÃÂûàÃÂ÷ úñù ñôùñüÃÂùÃÂòîÃÂ÷ÃÂ÷ ñÃÂüÿôùÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ ÃÂֈÃÂõÿûÿóïñÃÂ.
ÃÂÃÂóÃÂÃÂõÃÂñ, ÃÂÃÂ÷ý àÃÂÃÂùü÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂñùÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ, ÃÂÃÂñý ÷ ÿÃÂøÿûÿóùÃÂÃÂùúî ñýøÃÂÃÂÃÂùý÷ óýÃÂÃÂ÷ ìÃÂÃÂùöõ ýñ ñýñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂñù, ÷ ÃÂýýÿùñ ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàõùÃÂîûøõ ÃÂÃÂ÷ý ÃÂÃÂñïÃÂñ ÃÂ÷àæùûÿÃÂÿÃÂïñàúñù ÃÂֈÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿûÿóïñÃÂ.
ãÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂñùÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ, ÃÂÃÂ÷ý ÃÂûûìôñ, ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ õÃÂùÃÂÃÂîü÷, ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýÿüïñ ôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂïÃÂø÷úõ ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿûÿóïñ úñù ñýÃÂûñòõ üõ ÃÂàÃÂÃÂ÷üñÃÂùúÃÂÃÂõÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂ÷ý üõûÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ.
ãÃÂ÷ý ÃÂõÃÂñùÃÂýùúî ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂî úñù ÃÂÃÂ÷ý ÃÂýñóÃÂýý÷ÃÂ÷ ìÃÂÃÂùÃÂõ üïñ ìûû÷ õÃÂùÃÂÃÂîü÷, ÷ æàÃÂùúî (ÃÂñûùûñïÿÃÂ, ÃÂõÃÂÃÂÃÂý), ýñ ñÃÂÃÂÿûõïÃÂñù üõ ÿàÃÂìýùñ øÃÂüñÃÂñ úñù òñøüùñïñ õÃÂÃÂòñûûõ ÃÂ÷ý úàÃÂùñÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂֈÃÂõ ñàÃÂì.
ãÃÂ÷ý ãÃÂóÃÂÃÂÿý÷ ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂî üïñ ÃÂûõùìôñ õùôùúÃÂý õÃÂùÃÂÃÂ֟ÃÂý (øàóñÃÂÃÂùúÃÂàÃÂ÷àæàÃÂùúîàúñù ÃÂֈÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýÿüïñÃÂ) ÃÂÃÂÿàý ñýñûìòõù ÃÂ÷ý, ñÃÂÃÂûàÃÂñ ÃÂàÃÂÃÂ÷üñÃÂùúî ÃÂûÃÂÿý, üõûÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ. ÃÂõÃÂùúÃÂàñÃÂàñàÃÂÃÂàõïýñù: ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿÃÂàÃÂùúî, ÷ ÃÂÿÃÂüÿûÿóïñ, ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿòùÿûÿóïñ, ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýñàÃÂùúî ú.ñ.
ÃÂÿÃÂüùúÃÂàÃÂýÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂõÃÂ
ÃÂÃÂùôîÃÂÿÃÂõ àÃÂìÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý øõÃÂÃÂõïÃÂñù ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂàýïÃÂÃÂñÃÂñù ñÃÂàüõÃÂùúÃÂà(ÃÂþù) ÃÂõüõûùÃÂôõùàÃÂÿÃÂüùúÃÂàÃÂýÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂõÃÂ. ÃÂàÃÂÃÂàõïýñù:
- ÿ çÃÂÃÂÿà(ÃÂù ÃÂàýîøõùàôùñÃÂÃÂìÃÂõùàÃÂÿàõïýñù ÃÂÃÂõïàñûûì àÃÂìÃÂÃÂÿàý ÃÂÿûûÃÂàÃÂùøñýÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂõàýñ ÃÂÃÂõù úñù ìûûõÃÂ).
- ÿ çÃÂÃÂýÿà(àÃÂàýîø÷àôùñÃÂÃÂìÃÂî ÃÂÿàõïýñù üïñ ñûûì àÃÂìÃÂÃÂõù üïñ üùúÃÂî ÃÂùøñýÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ ýñ ÃÂÃÂõù úñù ìûûõÃÂ).
- ÷ ÃÂû÷ (ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂõûõï ÃÂÿ ÃÂàÃÂÃÂñÃÂùúàÃÂûÃÂý ÃÂÃÂý àÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂýÃÂÃÂý ÃÂÃÂüìÃÂÃÂý. ãàüÃÂõÃÂùûñüòìýõù ÃÂûõàÃÂ÷àüÿÃÂÃÂÃÂàÃÂ÷ÃÂ, ÃÂàýîø÷, ÃÂúÿÃÂõùýî, ñýÃÂùÃÂû÷).
- ÷ ÃÂýÃÂÃÂóõùñ (ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂõûõï ÃÂ÷ý ñùÃÂïñ ÃÂûÃÂý ÃÂÃÂý ÃÂñùýÿüÃÂýÃÂý. ãàüÃÂõÃÂùûñüòìýõù ÃÂûõàÃÂùàüÿÃÂÃÂÃÂàÃÂ÷àô÷û. ÃÂúÃÂùýÿòÿûïñ, àõôïñ, ÃÂûû÷ûõÃÂùôÃÂìÃÂõùÃÂ, ãúÿÃÂõùýî ÃÂýÃÂÃÂóõùñ).
ãõ ñàÃÂÃÂàÃÂùàÿýÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂõàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõù ýñ ÃÂàüõÃÂùû÷ÃÂøÿÃÂý ìûûõàôÃÂÿ, ñý øÃÂûÿàüõ ýñ õýÃÂÃÂüñÃÂÃÂÃÂÿàüõ ÃÂÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý úñù ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂû÷ÃÂÿÃÂÿÃÂïñ ô÷û. ÃÂñ "üñø÷üñÃÂùúì" ÃÂÿà.
- ÿ "ÃÂùñúÃÂùÃÂÃÂàÃÂÿóùÃÂüÃÂÃÂ" ÃÂÿàüõûõÃÂìÃÂñù ñÃÂàÃÂñ ÃÂùñúÃÂùÃÂì ÃÂñø÷üñÃÂùúì úñù ÃÂ÷ý àû÷ÃÂÿÃÂÿÃÂùúî úñù úàÃÂùñÃÂÃÂõïÃÂñù ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ÃÂýýÿùñ ÃÂ÷ý ôùñúÃÂùÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñà(ÃÂÃÂÃÂàÃÂ.ÃÂ., ñÃÂùøüÿï, ÃÂÃÂýÿûñ, bits)
- ÿ "ãàýõÃÂîàÃÂÿóùÃÂüÃÂÃÂ" ÃÂÿàüõûõÃÂìÃÂñù ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ÃÂýìûàÃÂ÷ (ÃÂÃÂ. ôùñÃÂÿÃÂùúÃÂàúñù ÿûÿúû÷ÃÂÃÂÃÂùúÃÂàûÿóùÃÂüÃÂÃÂ) úñù úàÃÂùñÃÂÃÂõïÃÂñù ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ÃÂýýÿùñ ÃÂֈÃÂàýÃÂÃÂõùñÃÂ.
ÃÂûõàÿù ÃÂÃÂÿñýñÃÂõÃÂøõïÃÂõàÿýÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂõàôõý õïýñù õÃÂñúÃÂùòÃÂàúñøÿÃÂùÃÂüÃÂýõàúñù ñýõþìÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂõàüõÃÂñþàÃÂÿàÃÂ. àæàÃÂùúî ÃÂÃÂõù ñÃÂÿôõïþõù ÃÂÃÂù ÷ ÃÂýÃÂÃÂóõùñ üÃÂÿÃÂõï ýñ üõÃÂñÃÂÃÂñÃÂõï ÃÂõ ÃÂû÷. ÃÂÃÂïÃÂֈÃÂÿ ÃÂñÃÂàÃÂùúààõôïÿ (üÿÃÂÃÂî õýÃÂÃÂóõùñÃÂ) üÃÂÿÃÂõï ýñ õüÃÂñýùÃÂøõï ÃÂàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂòûÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàçÃÂÃÂÿà.
ÃÂùñ ýñ ñýÃÂùû÷ÃÂøõï úñýõïàÃÂùàÃÂÿÃÂüùúÃÂàÃÂýÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂõàñàÃÂÃÂàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõù ýñ øõÃÂÃÂîÃÂõù ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ÃÂàüïñ ÃÂÿûàúñÃÂÿùúïñ. äÃÂÃÂõ üÃÂÿÃÂõï ýñ úìýõù ÃÂùàõþîàñýÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿùÃÂïõÃÂ:
- à"çÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ" ñýÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿùÃÂõï ÃÂÃÂÿ ÿùúÃÂÃÂõôÿ ÃÂÿàúÃÂïÃÂüñÃÂÿÃÂ.
- à"çÃÂÃÂýÿÃÂ" ñýÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿùÃÂõï ÃÂÃÂ÷ý ÃÂÃÂÿýùúî ôùìÃÂúõùñ ÃÂֈÃÂÿûàúñÃÂÿùúïñà(ñÃÂàÃÂÿ úÃÂïÃÂùüÿ ÃÂÃÂàÃÂ÷ý úñÃÂõôìÃÂùÃÂ÷).
- à"ÃÂû÷" ñýÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿùÃÂõï ÃÂÃÂñ ÿùúÿôÿüùúì àûùúì (ÃÂ.ÃÂ. ÃÂÿÃÂòûñ)
- à"ÃÂýÃÂÃÂóõùñ" ñýÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿùÃÂõï ÃÂÃÂ÷ý ûìÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàÃÂàýôÃÂõù ÃÂñ ÃÂÿÃÂòûñ.
- à"ãàýõÃÂîàÃÂÿóùÃÂüÃÂÃÂ" ñýÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿùÃÂõï ÃÂÃÂùàóÃÂñüüÃÂàÃÂÃÂý "ñÃÂÃÂùÃÂõúÃÂÿýùúÃÂý ÃÂÃÂõôïÃÂý" ÃÂÿàü÷ÃÂñýùúÿàüõ òìÃÂ÷ ÃÂñ ÿÃÂÿïñ úÃÂïöõÃÂñù ÃÂÿ ÿùúÿôÃÂü÷üñ.
- à"ÃÂùñúÃÂùÃÂÃÂàÃÂÿóùÃÂüÃÂÃÂ" ñýÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿùÃÂõï ÃÂÃÂùàüõÃÂÃÂîÃÂõùàÃÂÃÂý ü÷úÃÂý ÃÂÃÂý óÃÂñüüÃÂý ñàÃÂÃÂý (ô÷û ÃÂÃÂùàñÃÂùøü÷ÃÂùúÃÂàÃÂùüÃÂàÃÂÃÂ. 10 üÃÂÃÂÃÂñ).
ÃÂàÃÂ÷üõùÃÂøõï õÃÂùÃÂûÃÂÿý, ÃÂÃÂù ÿù ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÿù (ÃÂñ ÃÂñÃÂÃÂüñÃÂñ) ÃÂֈÃÂÿûàúñÃÂÿùúïñàñýÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿùÃÂÿÃÂý ÃÂÃÂñ õÃÂïÃÂõôñ õþÃÂûùþ÷àÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàÃÂÿàÃÂõÃÂùóÃÂìÃÂÿýÃÂñù ÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂñÃÂÃÂý ìÃÂøÃÂÿ.
ÃÂÿÃÂüùúÃÂàÃÂÿüÃÂÃÂ
àÃÂû÷ ÃÂÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý õïýñù ÿÃÂóñýÃÂüÃÂý÷ ÃÂõ "ôÿüÃÂÃÂ" ÃÂÿàòÃÂïÃÂúÿýÃÂñù ÃÂõ ôùñÃÂÿÃÂõÃÂùúÃÂàúûïüñúõÃÂ.
ñ) ãÃÂùàüùúÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂõàúûïüñúõàòÃÂïÃÂúÿýÃÂñù úñù ÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂùúì ãàÃÂÃÂîüñÃÂñ ÃÂÿàñÃÂÿÃÂõûÿÃÂýÃÂñù ñÃÂàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõàúñù àûñýîÃÂõÃÂ,
ò) ÃÂõ üõóñûÃÂÃÂõÃÂõàúûïüñúõàòÃÂïÃÂúÿýÃÂñù ÿù ÃÂñûñþïõàÃÂÿàñÃÂÿÃÂõûÿÃÂýÃÂñù ñÃÂàôùÃÂõúñÃÂÿüüÃÂÃÂùñ ñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂ, ñÃÂÃÂùÿ, ÃÂúÃÂý÷ úñù ãúÿÃÂõùýî ÃÂû÷ úñù
ó) ÃÂõ ñúÃÂüñ üõóñûÃÂÃÂõÃÂõàúûïüñúõàòÃÂïÃÂúÿýÃÂñù üõóìûõàÿüìôõàÃÂñûñþùÃÂý ÃÂÿàÿýÿüìöÿýÃÂñù ãüîý÷ ÃÂñûñþùÃÂý úñù ñÃÂÿÃÂõûÿÃÂýÃÂñù ÃÂàýîøÃÂàñÃÂàõúñÃÂÿýÃÂìôõàÃÂÃÂàúñù ÃÂùûùìôõàÃÂñûñþïõÃÂ. àÃÂóúÿàÃÂÿàúñûÃÂÃÂÃÂõù úìøõ ÃÂñûñþùñúàãüîýÿàÃÂÃÂõù ôùìüõÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂõÃÂïÃÂÿàÃÂñ 10.000.000 ÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂà(ÃÂàóúÃÂïýõÃÂñù ñàÃÂàÃÂÿ üÃÂóõøÿàüõ ñàÃÂàÃÂÿàÃÂñûñþïñ üñàÃÂÿàõïýñù ÃÂõÃÂïÃÂÿà150.000 ÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ).
ô) äñ ãüîý÷ ÃÂñûñþùÃÂý ñýÃÂïÃÂÃÂÿùÃÂñ òÃÂïÃÂúÿýÃÂñù úñù ñàÃÂì ÃÂõ ÿüìôõÃÂ, üùúÃÂÃÂàî üõóìûõÃÂ, ÃÂÿàÿýÿüìöÿýÃÂñù ÃÂ¥ÃÂõÃÂÃÂüîý÷ ÃÂñûñþùÃÂý úñù ÃÂÃÂÿàý ÃÂúÃÂñÃÂ÷ ÃÂõÃÂïÃÂÿà100.000.00 ÃÂÃÂàúñù 200.000.000 ÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ, õïýñù ô÷ûñôî ÃÂìýàñÃÂàõúñÃÂàÃÂÿÃÂÃÂàüõóñûÃÂÃÂõÃÂñ ñÃÂàÃÂñ ÃÂüîý÷ óñûñþùÃÂý. äñ ÃÂ¥ÃÂõÃÂÃÂüîý÷ ÃÂñûñþùÃÂý ÃÂÃÂÿàý ÃÂÃÂîüñÃÂñ ôùìÃÂÿÃÂñ, ñûûì ÃÂÿ úàÃÂïñÃÂÃÂÿ õïýñù ñàÃÂàÃÂÃÂý ý÷üìÃÂÃÂý (üÿýÿôùìÃÂÃÂñÃÂÿ) î ÃÂ÷àõúÃÂõÃÂñüÃÂý÷àõÃÂùÃÂìýõùñà(ôùÃÂôùìÃÂÃÂñÃÂÿ).
ÃÂþÃÂûùþ÷ ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂõóìû÷ ÃÂúÃÂ÷þ÷
ÃÂñÃÂùúî ñÃÂõÃÂ÷ÃÂïñ óùñ ÃÂùàÃÂõÃÂùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂõàúÿÃÂüÿûÿóùúÃÂàøõÃÂÃÂïõàÃÂÿàñÃÂÃÂÿûÿÃÂýÃÂñù üõ ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂûõàÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàõïýñù ÷ ÃÂýýÿùñ ÃÂֈÃÂõóìû÷àÃÂúÃÂ÷þ÷ÃÂ, ÃÂÿàÃÂÿÃÂÿøõÃÂõï ÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂýõÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàÃÂõ üùñ ÃÂ÷üõùñúî ÃÂõÃÂùÿÃÂî ÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂýÿàìÃÂõùÃÂֈÃÂàúýÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñàúñù úñüÃÂàûÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñÃÂ, ÷ ÿÃÂÿïñ õþõÃÂÃÂìó÷ ô÷üùÿàÃÂóÃÂýÃÂñàÃÂ÷ý ÃÂû÷ úñù ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂýÃÂÃÂóõùñ úñù üñöï ÃÂÿààÃÂÿ çÃÂÃÂÿ úñù ÃÂÿ çÃÂÃÂýÿ.
- ÃÂùñ õÃÂùÃÂÃÂ÷üÿûÿóùúî ÃÂàýÃÂÃÂõùñ ÃÂÿàóõóÿýÃÂÃÂÿàñàÃÂÿàõïýñù ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÃÂõÃÂõïÃÂñù ýÿîüñÃÂÿà÷ õÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂ÷ óùñ ÃÂÿ ÃÂù àÃÂîÃÂÃÂõ î ÃÂù óùýÃÂÃÂñý ÃÂÃÂùý ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ ÃÂõóìû÷ ÃÂúÃÂ÷þ÷, óùñÃÂï ÿ çÃÂÃÂýÿàô÷üùÿàÃÂóîø÷úõ üñöï ÃÂ÷àúñù ÃÂàýõÃÂÃÂàôõý àÃÂîÃÂþõ "ÃÂÃÂùý".
- ÃÂñÃÂì ÃÂÿý ïôùÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂõÃÂõïÃÂñù ýÿîüñÃÂÿà÷ ñýñöîÃÂ÷ÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàÃÂÿàÃÂóùýõ ÷ ÃÂõóìû÷ ÃÂúÃÂ÷þ÷, úñøÃÂà÷ ñýàÃÂñÃÂþïñ ÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂùý ñÃÂàñàÃÂîý ÃÂàýõÃÂìóõÃÂñù úñù ÃÂ÷ý ñôàýñüïñ ÃÂÿàõýÃÂÿÃÂùÃÂüÿàõýÃÂàÃÂàóúõúÃÂùüÃÂýÿàÃÂ÷üõïÿà.
àÃÂÃÂùü÷ õÃÂÿÃÂî
àñýñÃÂñÃÂìÃÂÃÂñÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂý ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂý ÃÂÃÂùóüÃÂý ÃÂ÷àô÷üùÿàÃÂóïñàÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàõïýñù ÃÂýñ ùôùñïÃÂõÃÂñ ÃÂÿûÃÂÃÂûÿúÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂòû÷üñ, óùñÃÂï ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÿøÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂàÃÂùúÃÂàúñÃÂñÃÂÃÂìÃÂõùàúñù ôùõÃÂóñÃÂïõàÃÂÿàôõý üÃÂÿÃÂÿÃÂý ýñ ñýñÃÂñÃÂñÃÂøÿÃÂý ÃÂÃÂÿ õÃÂóñÃÂÃÂîÃÂùÿ. ÃÂõÃÂì ÃÂ÷ ôõúñõÃÂïñ ÃÂÿà1970, ÃÂüÃÂÃÂ, ÃÂìÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂ÷ üõóìû÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿôÿ ÃÂÿàÃÂ÷üõùÃÂø÷úõ ÃÂÃÂ÷ æàÃÂùúî ÃÂÃÂý ãÃÂÿùÃÂõùÃÂôÃÂý ãÃÂüñÃÂùôïÃÂý, ÃÂÃÂý àÃÂ÷ûÃÂý õýõÃÂóõùÃÂý úñù ÃÂÃÂý ÃÂýÿÃÂÿù÷ÃÂùúÃÂý ÃÂõÃÂÃÂùÃÂý àõôïÿà, ÃÂÃÂõù ñÃÂÃÂïÃÂõù ýñ ÃÂÃÂ÷üñÃÂïöõÃÂñù üùñ óõýùúì ÃÂñÃÂñôõúÃÂî õùúÃÂýñ, ÃÂÿàÃÂàýîøÃÂàñýñÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂñù úñù ÃÂààÃÂÃÂÃÂàÃÂÿ ÃÂÿÃÂüÿûÿóùúàÃÂÿýÃÂÃÂûÿ ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ. ãÃÂüÃÂÃÂýñ üõ ÃÂÿ üÿýÃÂÃÂûÿ ñàÃÂÃÂ, ÷ ÃÂõóìû÷ ÃÂúÃÂ÷þ÷ ûñüòìýõù ÃÂÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂÿýùúî ÃÂÃÂùóüî 0, ÃÂÃÂÿàõúÃÂÃÂàñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ÃÂàúýÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ úñù ÃÂ÷ý úñüÃÂàûÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ ñÃÂõùÃÂïöõÃÂñù úñù ÷ øõÃÂüÿúÃÂñÃÂïñ ÃÂÿà. ÃÂùñ ÃÂñ ÃÂñùýÃÂüõýñ ÃÂÿàôùñôÃÂñüñÃÂïÃÂÃÂ÷úñý úñÃÂì ÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñ 10-43 ôõàÃÂõÃÂÃÂûõÃÂÃÂñ (sec), ÃÂÿàÃÂñÃÂñúÃÂ÷ÃÂïöÿýÃÂñù úñù ÃÂàÃÂÃÂÃÂýÿàPlanck, ôõý üÃÂÿÃÂõï ýñ ôùñÃÂàÃÂÃÂøõï ñúÃÂü÷ úñüùì ìÃÂÿÃÂ÷, óùñÃÂï ÃÂÃÂùàÃÂàýøîúõàìÃÂõùÃÂ÷àúñüÃÂàûÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñàÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂýÿà÷ ÃÂõýùúî ÃÂõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂ÷àãÃÂõÃÂùúÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñàÃÂñÃÂõù ýñ ùÃÂÃÂÃÂõù úñù õÃÂùòìûûõÃÂñù ÷ ñýÃÂùúñÃÂìÃÂÃÂñÃÂî ÃÂ÷àñÃÂàüùñ ÃÂòñýÃÂùúî ÃÂõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂֈÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñÃÂ, ÷ ÿÃÂÿïñ ôõý ÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂüÃÂàñúÃÂü÷ ÿûÿúû÷ÃÂÃÂøõï. ÃÂïýñù ÷ õÃÂÿÃÂî ÃÂÿàÿù ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂõùàøõüõûùÃÂôõùàÃÂûûõÃÂùôÃÂìÃÂõùàÃÂ÷àæÃÂÃÂ÷àñÃÂÿÃÂõûÿÃÂý üïñ úñù üÿýñôùúî ÃÂýùñïñ ÃÂûû÷ûõÃÂïôÃÂñÃÂ÷ úñù ÷ øõÃÂüÿúÃÂñÃÂïñ ÃÂøìýõù ÃÂÿàà1032 ÃÂ, ÷ ÃÂàúýÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ ÃÂñ 1092 óÃÂñü./úàò. õúñÃÂ., õýàÿù ôùñÃÂÃÂìÃÂõùàÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàñýÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýÃÂñù üÃÂûùàÃÂÃÂÿ 1 ÃÂÃÂùÃÂõúñÃÂÿüüàÃÂùÿÃÂÃÂàÃÂÃÂý ôùñÃÂÃÂìÃÂõÃÂý ÃÂÿàñÃÂÃÂüÿàÃÂÿààôÃÂÿóÃÂýÿà.
ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂùÃÂüÿï ÃÂûû÷ûõÃÂùôÃÂìÃÂõÃÂý
ãÃÂñ 10-43 ôõàÃÂõÃÂÃÂûõÃÂÃÂñ ÷ ÃÂñÃÂàÃÂùúî ÃÂûû÷ûõÃÂïôÃÂñÃÂ÷ ñÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂïöõÃÂñù ÃÂÃÂý ìûûÃÂý úñù ñÃÂÿÃÂõûõï ñàÃÂÿÃÂõûî õÃÂïôÃÂñÃÂ÷, õýàüõÃÂñþà10-43 úñù 10-35 ôõàÃÂõÃÂÿûÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂý, úñøÃÂàÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂûûõÃÂñù úñù ÷ øõÃÂüÿúÃÂñÃÂïñ ÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂÃÂÿàà1028 ÃÂ, óïýõÃÂñù ÃÂýñàôõÃÂÃÂõÃÂÿàôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂùÃÂüÃÂÃÂ, ñàÃÂÃÂàÃÂֈÃÂÃÂÃÂàÃÂîàÃÂûû÷ûõÃÂïôÃÂñÃÂ÷àñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ÃÂûõúÃÂÃÂÿñÃÂøõýî ÃÂûû÷ûõÃÂïôÃÂñÃÂ÷ÃÂ.
ãÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂìôùÿ ñàÃÂà÷ úñÃÂìÃÂÃÂñÃÂ÷ úìÃÂÃÂàþõúñøñÃÂïöõù. ãÃÂ÷üñÃÂïöÿýÃÂñù ÃÂñ úàÃÂúÃÂýùñ (quarks) úñù ÃÂñ ûõÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ (÷ûõúÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ úñù ýõÃÂÃÂïýñ) üñöï üõ ÃÂñ ñýÃÂïÃÂÃÂÿùÃÂñ ñýÃÂùÃÂÃÂüñÃÂïôùì ÃÂÿàÃÂ, úñøÃÂàúñù üùñ ÃÂõùÃÂì ñÃÂàÃÂÃÂüñÃÂïôùñ ÃÂÿûàüõóìû÷àüìöñàÃÂÿàôõý ÃÂñÃÂñÃÂ÷ÃÂÿÃÂýÃÂñù ÃÂîüõÃÂñ, ÃÂñ üñóý÷ÃÂùúì üÿýÃÂÃÂÿûñ, õýàÃÂàÃÂùúì àÃÂìÃÂÃÂÿàý úñù ÃÂñ ÃÂñýÃÂñÃÂÿàÃÂñÃÂÃÂýÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ ÃÂ÷àñúÃÂùýÿòÿûïñà(õÃÂÿÃÂî ÃÂÃÂý úÿàìÃÂúÃÂ). à"ÃÂÿÃÂÃÂñ" ñàÃÂî ÃÂÃÂý ÃÂÃÂüñÃÂùôïÃÂý àÃÂïÃÂÃÂñÃÂñù üÃÂÃÂÃÂù ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂûõàÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂý 10-6 ôõàÃÂõÃÂÿûÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂý, ô÷û. 1 õúñÃÂÿüüàÃÂùÿÃÂÃÂàÃÂÿàôõàÃÂõÃÂÿûÃÂÃÂÃÂÿàüõÃÂì ÃÂ÷ ÃÂõóìû÷ ÃÂúÃÂ÷þ÷ úñù ñÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂÿ÷óÿàüÃÂýÃÂÃÂ, ÃÂÃÂñ 10-16 ôõàÃÂõÃÂÃÂûõÃÂÃÂñ úñù ÃÂõ øõÃÂüÿúÃÂñÃÂïñ 1015 ÃÂ, ÃÂÃÂõù óïýõù ÃÂýñàýÃÂÿàôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂùÃÂüÃÂÃÂ, úñÃÂì ÃÂÿý ÿÃÂÿïÿ ÷ ÷ûõúÃÂÃÂÿñÃÂøõýîàôÃÂýñü÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂïöõÃÂñù ÃÂÃÂ÷ý ÃÂÃÂøõýî ÃÂûû÷ûõÃÂïôÃÂñÃÂ÷ úñù ÃÂÃÂ÷ý ÃÂûõúÃÂÃÂÿüñóý÷ÃÂùúî ÃÂûû÷ûõÃÂïôÃÂñÃÂ÷.
ÃÂÃÂàõúõïý÷ ÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂùóüî ÿù ôÃÂÿ ñàÃÂÃÂàÃÂûû÷ûõÃÂùôÃÂìÃÂõùàüñöï üõ ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂÃÂÃÂàÃÂî ÃÂûû÷ûõÃÂïôÃÂñÃÂ÷ úñù ÃÂ÷ ÃÂñÃÂàÃÂùúî ÃÂûû÷ûõÃÂïôÃÂñÃÂ÷ øñ ñÃÂÿÃÂõûÃÂÃÂÿàý ÃÂùàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂõùàÃÂõüõûùÃÂôõùàÃÂûû÷ûõÃÂùôÃÂìÃÂõùàÃÂ÷àæÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂ.
àÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýùÿÃÂÃÂýøõÃÂ÷
ÃÂýìüõÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂñ 10-16 ôõàÃÂõÃÂÃÂûõÃÂÃÂñ úñù ÃÂÃÂñ 10-4 ôõàÃÂõÃÂÃÂûõÃÂÃÂñ, úñøÃÂàÃÂàýõÃÂïöõÃÂñù ÷ ôùñÃÂÃÂÿûî ÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàúñù ÷ øõÃÂüÿúÃÂñÃÂïñ ñýÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂñù ÃÂÃÂÿàà1014 àñÃÂÿúÃÂì ñÃÂÿÃÂñÃÂùÃÂÃÂùúàÃÂÃÂûÿ ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂàÃÂî ààÃÂ÷ýùúî ÃÂûû÷ûõÃÂïôÃÂñÃÂ÷, üõ ñÃÂÿÃÂÃÂûõÃÂüñ ÃÂñ úàÃÂúÃÂýùñ (quarks) ÃÂÿàüÃÂÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÃÂÃÂõ ÃÂõÃÂùÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýÃÂñý õûõÃÂøõÃÂñ ýñ ôõÃÂüõàÃÂÿÃÂý ÃÂÃÂ÷üñÃÂïöÿýÃÂñàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ úñù ýõÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ (ÃÂôÃÂÿýùñúî ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂî). ÃÂñÃÂì ÃÂÿ ôùìÃÂÃÂ÷üñ ñàÃÂàÃÂñ öõÃÂó÷ ñôÃÂÿýïÃÂý-ñýÃÂùñôÃÂÿýïÃÂý úàÃÂùñÃÂÃÂÿÃÂý üõ ÃÂ÷ üõóìû÷ ÃÂÿààüìöñ ÃÂÃÂ÷ ôàýñüùúî ÃÂàüÃÂõÃÂùÃÂÿÃÂì ÃÂÿàúÿÃÂüùúÿàÃÂõàÃÂÃÂÿàüÃÂÃÂÃÂù ÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂùóüî ÃÂÃÂý 10-4 ôõàÃÂõÃÂÿûÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂý, ÃÂÿà÷ øõÃÂüÿúÃÂñÃÂïñ ÃÂÃÂý 1012àôõý õÃÂñÃÂúõï ÃÂûÃÂÿý óùñ ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂ÷üñÃÂùÃÂüàÃÂÿàÃÂ.
ÃÂþñÃÂìýùÃÂ÷ ÃÂýÃÂùÃÂû÷ÃÂ
äÃÂÃÂõ ÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ "ñûû÷ûÿõþÿàôõÃÂõÃÂÃÂýÿýÃÂñù" üõ ÃÂñ ñýÃÂù-ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ (ñýÃÂùÃÂû÷) ÃÂÃÂ÷üñÃÂïöÿýÃÂñàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ, õúÃÂÃÂàñÃÂàÃÂýñ õûìÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿ àÃÂÃÂûõùüüì ÃÂÿàÃÂ, ñÃÂàÃÂÿ ÿÃÂÿïÿ øñ ÃÂÃÂ÷üñÃÂùÃÂÃÂõï ñÃÂóÃÂÃÂõÃÂñ ÿûÃÂúû÷ÃÂÿ ÃÂÿ óýÃÂÃÂÃÂàüñàãÃÂüÃÂñý. äÿý úÃÂÃÂùÿ ÃÂÃÂûÿ üõÃÂñþàÃÂÃÂý 10-4 ôõàÃÂõÃÂÿûÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂý úñù ÃÂÃÂý 5 ôõàÃÂõÃÂÿûÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂý üõÃÂì ÃÂ÷ ÃÂõóìû÷ ÃÂúÃÂ÷þ÷ ñýñûñüòìýÿàý ÃÂûÃÂÿý ÃÂñ ûõÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ (ÃÂõÃÂÃÂÿýùñúî ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂî), ñûûì îô÷ ÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ ôõàÃÂõÃÂÃÂûõÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂñ ýõÃÂÃÂïýñ ñÃÂÿÃÂàýôÃÂÿýÃÂñù ñÃÂàÃÂñ àÃÂÃÂûÿùÃÂñ ÃÂàÃÂÃÂñÃÂùúì ÃÂÿàúÿÃÂüùúÿàÃÂûìÃÂüñÃÂÿÃÂ, ñÃÂÿàÿù ñÃÂøõýùúÃÂàÃÂÿààñûû÷ûõÃÂùôÃÂìÃÂõùàõïýñù õþñùÃÂõÃÂùúì ÃÂÃÂìýùõàúñù ôõý üÃÂÿÃÂÿÃÂý ýñ ÃÂñ úÃÂñÃÂîÃÂÿàý ÃÂõ ÃÂõÃÂüÿôàýñüùúî ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÿÃÂïñ.
ÃÂõÃÂì ÃÂñ 5 ôõàÃÂõÃÂÃÂûõÃÂÃÂñ ÷ øõÃÂüÿúÃÂñÃÂïñ ÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂÃÂÃÂõù ûÃÂóàÃÂֈÃÂàýõÃÂùöÃÂüõý÷àôùñÃÂÃÂÿûîàÃÂÃÂÿàà109 àúñù ÷ ÃÂïôàü÷ ÃÂÃÂýõÃÂ÷, ô÷û. ÷ ô÷üùÿàÃÂóïñ ÷ûõúÃÂÃÂÿýïÃÂý úñù ÃÂÿöùÃÂÃÂÿýïÃÂý ñÃÂàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ, ôõý õïýñù ÃÂûÃÂÿý ôàýñÃÂî. äñ ÷ûõúÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ úñù ÃÂñ ÃÂÿöùÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ ûÃÂóàÃÂ÷àñüÿùòñïñàÃÂÿààñûû÷ûÿõþÿàôõÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷àõþñÃÂñýïöÿýÃÂñù üõ ÃÂ÷ ÃÂõùÃÂì ÃÂÿààñÃÂàÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂúîýùÿ, ñÃÂîýÿýÃÂñàÃÂýñ üùúÃÂààÃÂÃÂûõùüüñ ÷ûõúÃÂÃÂÿýïÃÂý ùÃÂÿôÃÂýñüÿ üõ ñàÃÂàÃÂÃÂý ñôÃÂÿýïÃÂý.
æÃÂÃÂÿúÃÂñÃÂïñ
äÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý õùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂñù ÃÂûÃÂÿý ÃÂÃÂ÷ý õÃÂÿÃÂî ÃÂ÷àúàÃÂùñÃÂÃÂïñàÃÂ÷àñúÃÂùýÿòÿûïñà(æÃÂÃÂÿýùñúî ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂî î ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿúÃÂñÃÂïñ), ÃÂÿàøñ ôùñÃÂúÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂÿûàÃÂõÃÂùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂÿ ñÃÂàÃÂùàÃÂÃÂÿ÷óÿÃÂüõýõÃÂ, óÃÂÃÂàÃÂÃÂñ 500.000 ÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ. ÃÂô÷ ÃÂüÃÂàÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñ 15 ûõÃÂÃÂì úñù õýàÿù óÃÂñüüùúÃÂàôùñÃÂÃÂìÃÂõùàÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàñàþìýÿýÃÂñù úñÃÂì 30 ÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂ, ûñüòìýõù ÃÂÃÂÃÂñ ÿ ÃÂÃÂ÷üñÃÂùÃÂüÃÂàÃÂàÃÂîýÃÂý àôÃÂÿóÃÂýÿà, ÷ûïÿà, ûùøïÿàúñù ò÷ÃÂàûûïÿà. ÃÂõÃÂì ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ ñàÃÂàôõúñÃÂõýÃÂìûõÃÂÃÂÿ ÷ ÃÂàÃÂ÷ýÿÃÂÃÂýøõÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂñüñÃÂì.
ÃÂñ ÃÂàýõÃÂùÃÂÃÂõï ôùÃÂõúñÃÂÿüüÃÂÃÂùñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ ñÃÂóÃÂÃÂõÃÂñ ÃÂõ ÃÂÿÃÂùúî üÃÂýÿ úûïüñúñ ÃÂÃÂÿ õÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂùúàÃÂÃÂý ñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂý úñù úñÃÂì ÃÂùàõúÃÂîþõùàÃÂÃÂý ÃÂÿàÃÂõÃÂýÃÂòñ.
ãÃÂ÷ý ÃÂõÃÂïÿôÿ ÃÂ÷àúàÃÂùñÃÂÃÂïñàÃÂÃÂý ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýïÃÂý ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂ÷ üÿÃÂÃÂî ÃÂÃÂÃÂùý÷àÃÂÃÂñïÃÂñàÃÂÿàóùñ õúñÃÂÿýÃÂìôõàÃÂùûùìôõàÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ ôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂûûõÃÂñù ÃÂÃÂÃÂïàÃÂ÷üñýÃÂùúÃÂàüõÃÂñòÿûÃÂÃÂ, ñûûìöÿýÃÂñàüÃÂýÿ ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂüñ ÃÂÿàñÃÂàõúÃÂàÃÂûÃÂÃÂùúàóñûìöùÿ úñù ûõàúàÃÂõ úùÃÂÃÂùýÃÂÃÂÃÂ, ÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÿúñûï úñù, ÃÂÃÂûÿÃÂ, úÃÂúúùýÿ, úñøÃÂà÷ øõÃÂüÿúÃÂñÃÂïñ ÃÂÿàÃÂàýõÃÂÃÂàüõùÃÂýõÃÂñù. ÃÂù ÃÂàÃÂýÃÂàÃÂàóúÃÂÿÃÂÃÂõùàÃÂÃÂý ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýïÃÂý üõ ÃÂñ ñÃÂý÷ÃÂùúì ÃÂÿÃÂÃÂùÃÂüÃÂýñ ÷ûõúÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ úñù ÃÂñ øõÃÂùúì ùÃÂýÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂý ÃÂàÃÂîýÃÂý, ÃÂÿàõþñÃÂÃÂñûïöÿàý ÃÂ÷ øõÃÂüùúî ùÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÿÃÂïñ ÃÂû÷à- ñúÃÂùýÿòÿûïñÃÂ, ôõý õÃÂùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿàý ÃÂÃÂ÷ý ÃÂõûõàÃÂñïñ ýñ "ÃÂñþùôõÃÂÃÂõù" ñÃÂúõÃÂì üñúÃÂùì, üõ ñÃÂÿÃÂÃÂûõÃÂüñ ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ÃÂֈÃÂõÃÂùÃÂôÿàñàÃÂîàýñ ÃÂñÃÂÿàÃÂùìöõÃÂñù øñüÃÂàúñù ñôùñÃÂñýÃÂàÃÂõ ÃÂýñý àÃÂÿÃÂùøÃÂüõýÿ ÃÂñÃÂñÃÂ÷ÃÂ÷ÃÂî. ÃÂñøÃÂÃÂ, ÃÂüÃÂÃÂ, ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ÃÂàýõÃÂïöõù ýñ ôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂûûõÃÂñù úñù ýñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂñù, ÃÂñ ÷ûõúÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ ñÃÂÃÂïöÿàý ýñ ôõÃÂüõÃÂÿýÃÂñù ñÃÂàÃÂÿààÃÂàÃÂîýõàÃÂÃÂ÷üñÃÂïöÿýÃÂñàìÃÂÿüñ, üõ ÃÂàýÃÂÃÂõùñ ýñ ÃÂÃÂñüñÃÂîÃÂõù ÷ ñûû÷ûõÃÂïôÃÂñÃÂî ÃÂÿààüõ ÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ.
ÃÂùñÃÂÃÂÃÂùÃÂüÃÂàÃÂû÷àúñù ÃÂúÃÂùýÿòÿûïñÃÂ
ãÃÂñ 500.000 ÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ ÷ øõÃÂüÿúÃÂñÃÂïñ ÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂÃÂÿàà3.000 ÃÂ, õýàÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂüÃÂñý ÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂøìÃÂõù ýñ õïýñù 1.000 ÃÂÿÃÂÃÂàüùúÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂÿ ñÃÂàÃÂ,ÃÂù ÃÂîüõÃÂñ. ÃÂù ÃÂàýøîúõàõïýñù ÃÂÃÂùüõàóùñ ÃÂÿ ôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂùÃÂüàÃÂֈÃÂû÷àñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ñúÃÂùýÿòÿûïñ (õÃÂÿÃÂî ÃÂֈÃÂû÷àî àûÿúÃÂñÃÂïñ) úñù ÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ úùýÿÃÂýÃÂñù ÃÂûÃÂÿý õûõÃÂøõÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ, úñøùÃÂÃÂÃÂýÃÂñàÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ôùñÃÂñýÃÂàúñù ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂùÃÂàÃÂÃÂ÷ý ÃÂñÃÂñÃÂîÃÂ÷ÃÂ÷. ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿùñ ÃÂÿàóõóÿýÃÂÃÂÿàñàÃÂÿàñÃÂÿÃÂõûõï ÷ ôùìÃÂàÃÂ÷ ñúÃÂùýÿòÿûïñ üùúÃÂÿúàüìÃÂÃÂý ÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂÿñýñÃÂÃÂÃÂø÷úõ.
ÃÂÃÂýõÃÂ÷ ÃÂñûñþùñúÃÂý ÃÂÿüÃÂý
ãÃÂ÷ý õÃÂÿÃÂî ÃÂ÷ààûÿúÃÂñÃÂïñàÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ÃÂàýÃÂÃÂùÃÂõ ýñ ôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂûûõÃÂñù, üõ õÃÂñúÃÂûÿàøÿ ÃÂ÷ý õûìÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂֈÃÂàúýÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñàúñù ÃÂ÷àøõÃÂüÿúÃÂñÃÂïñàÃÂÿà. àñÃÂÃÂùúî, ÃÂüÃÂÃÂ, ÿüÿùÿóÃÂýõùñ ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàìÃÂÃÂùÃÂõ ýñ ôùñÃÂñÃÂìÃÂÃÂõÃÂñù ñÃÂàüùúÃÂÃÂàñÃÂÃÂùúì ÃÂàÃÂñïõàÃÂÿÃÂùúÃÂàÃÂàóúõýÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõùàÃÂû÷ÃÂ, ÃÂÿàûÃÂóàÃÂÃÂý ñüÿùòñïÃÂý ôàýìüõÃÂý òñÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñàÃÂÿàñýñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýÃÂñý ÃÂÃÂõùýñý ýñ üõóñûÃÂÃÂÿàý úñù ýñ ÃÂàüÃÂàúýÃÂøÿÃÂý ñúÃÂü÷ ÃÂõÃÂùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂÿ ñýÃÂï ýñ ñúÿûÿàøÿÃÂý "ÃÂàÃÂûì", ÃÂÃÂÃÂàóùýÃÂÃÂñý üÃÂÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÃÂÃÂõ, ÃÂ÷ óõýùúÃÂÃÂõÃÂ÷ ôùñÃÂÃÂÿûî ÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ. ÃÂÃÂàÃÂùàÃÂàüÃÂàúýÃÂÃÂõùàñàÃÂÃÂàô÷üùÿàÃÂóîø÷úñý üõÃÂì ñÃÂà3 ôùÃÂõúñÃÂÿü. ÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ ÿù ÃÂñôùÿóñûñþïõàúñù ÃÂñ úòìöñÃÂàúñù üõÃÂì ñÃÂà8 ôùÃÂõúñÃÂÿü. ÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ ÿù óñûñþïõÃÂ.
ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿóÃÂýõÃÂ÷
äÃÂûÿÃÂ, ÃÂÃÂÿ õÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂùúàÃÂÃÂý óñûñþùÃÂý ñÃÂàüùúÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂõàÃÂàüÃÂàúýÃÂÃÂõùàÃÂû÷àøñ ÃÂÃÂ÷üñÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿÃÂý ÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂàýÃÂÃÂõùñ ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ ñÃÂÃÂÃÂùúî óõýõì (áÿÃÂulatiÿn ÃÂ) úñù úñÃÂÃÂÃÂùý ÷ ôõÃÂÃÂõÃÂ÷ (áÿÃÂulatiÿn ÃÂI) óõýõì ÃÂÃÂý ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂý. àÃÂûùÿàñýîúõù ÃÂÃÂ÷ ôõÃÂÃÂõÃÂ÷ óõýõì ÃÂÃÂý ñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂý úñù ô÷üùÿàÃÂóîø÷úõ üñöï üõ ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂùúàãÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷üñ ÃÂÿàÃÂÿý ÃÂõÃÂùòìûûõù (ô÷û. ÃÂÿ óýÃÂÃÂÃÂàüñàÃÂûùñúàãÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷üñ) ÃÂÃÂùý ñÃÂà4,6 ôùÃÂõúñÃÂÿü. ÃÂÃÂ÷.
ãÃÂýÿÃÂ÷
äÿ ÃÂõýìÃÂùÿ ÃÂֈÃÂõóìû÷àÃÂúÃÂ÷þ÷àÃÂÿàÃÂúùñóÃÂñÃÂîø÷úõ ÃÂõ óõýùúÃÂàóÃÂñüüÃÂàõÃÂü÷ýõÃÂõù ñÃÂúõÃÂì úñûì ÃÂñ ÃÂõÃÂùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂñ ÃÂñÃÂñúÃÂ÷ÃÂùÃÂÃÂùúì ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂÃÂàñàÃÂàÃÂñÃÂñÃÂ÷ÃÂõïÃÂñù ÃÂîüõÃÂñ úñù ùôïÃÂàÃÂ÷ ôùñÃÂÃÂÿûî ÃÂÿà, ÃÂÿàÃÂñÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂÿààÃÂñûñþïõàÃÂõ üùñ ÿüÿùÃÂüÿÃÂÃÂ÷ úïý÷ÃÂ÷.
àñÃÂìûû÷ûñ, ÃÂüÃÂÃÂ, ñÃÂîýõù ñýñÃÂìýÃÂ÷ÃÂñ üùñ ÃÂõùÃÂì ñÃÂàõÃÂÃÂÃÂîüñÃÂñ, ÃÂÃÂÃÂàõïýñù ÷ ÿüÿùÿóÃÂýõùñ úñù ÷ ùÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÿÃÂïñ ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ, ÷ üõóìû÷ ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂóóùÃÂ÷ ÃÂֈÃÂñÃÂñüÃÂÃÂÃÂÿàú ÃÂÃÂÿàÃÂ÷ üÿýìôñ ÃÂÿàñýÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿùÃÂõï ÃÂõ ÃÂýñ "õÃÂïÃÂõôÿ" ÃÂÃÂñÃÂùúàÃÂÃÂüÃÂñý, ÃÂÿ óõóÿýÃÂàÃÂÃÂù ÃÂûÿù ÿù óñûñþïõàÃÂÃÂÿàý ÃÂõÃÂïÃÂÿàÃÂ÷ý ïôùñ üìöñ úñù, ÃÂÃÂûÿÃÂ, ÷ ñôàýñüïñ ÃÂñÃÂñÃÂîÃÂ÷ÃÂ÷àüñóý÷ÃÂùúÃÂý üÿýÃÂÃÂÿûÃÂý ÃÂÿàøñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂõ ýñ ÃÂÃÂÿàý ô÷üùÿàÃÂó÷øõï ÃÂÃÂñ ñÃÂÃÂùúì ÃÂÃÂìôùñ ÃÂֈÃÂõóìû÷àÃÂúÃÂ÷þ÷ÃÂ.
ÃÂÿÃÂüùúÃÂààû÷øÃÂÃÂùÃÂüÃÂÃÂ
ÃÂùñ ûÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÿòûîüñÃÂñ ñàÃÂì õÃÂùÃÂõùÃÂõï ýñ ôÃÂÃÂõù ÷ øõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂÿàÃÂÿÃÂüùúÿààû÷øÃÂÃÂùÃÂüÿÃÂ, ÃÂÿàôùñÃÂàÃÂÃÂø÷úõ ÃÂÃÂ÷ ôõúñõÃÂïñ ÃÂÿà1980 ñÃÂàÃÂÿý ÃÂûñý ÃÂúñø ÃÂÿàäõÃÂýÿûÿóùúÿàÃÂýÃÂÃÂùÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÿàÃÂֈÃÂñÃÂñÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂÃÂֈ(ÃÂÃÂä). ÃÂñÃÂùúî ÃÂ÷àùôÃÂñ õïýñù ÃÂÃÂù úñÃÂì ÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂÿýùúî ÃÂÃÂùóüî ÃÂÃÂý 10-35 ôõàÃÂõÃÂÿûÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂý ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ ÃÂõóìû÷ ÃÂúÃÂ÷þ÷, ÃÂÃÂñý ÷ øõÃÂüÿúÃÂñÃÂïñ ñýõÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñý ÃÂÃÂÿàà1027 àúñù ÃÂûñòõ ÃÂÃÂÃÂñ ÿ ôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂùÃÂüÃÂàÃÂ÷àùÃÂÃÂàÃÂîàñûû÷ûõÃÂïôÃÂñÃÂ÷àñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ÷ûõúÃÂÃÂÿñÃÂøõýî ôÃÂýñü÷, ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂüÃÂñý àÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ üùñ ñûûñóî ÃÂìÃÂ÷ÃÂ, úìÃÂù ñýìûÿóÿ üõ ÃÂ÷ ÃÂàüÃÂÃÂúýÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàñÃÂüÿàúñù ÃÂ÷ üõÃÂñÃÂÃÂÿÃÂî ÃÂÿàÃÂõ àóÃÂÃÂ.
àÿûàÃÂÃÂüÃÂñý
ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂûõÃÂüñ ÃÂ÷àñûûñóîàñàÃÂîàîÃÂñý ÿ ôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂùÃÂüÃÂàÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàÃÂõ õÃÂùüÃÂÃÂÿààÃÂõÃÂùÿÃÂÃÂààÃÂàÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂàÃÂñûûïôÃÂý úñù ÷ üõÃÂñòÿûî ÃÂÃÂý ôùñÃÂÃÂìÃÂõÃÂý ÃÂÃÂý ÃÂõÃÂùÿÃÂÃÂý ñàÃÂÃÂý õúøõÃÂùúì, ô÷û. ÃÂìÃÂñ ÃÂÿûàñÃÂÃÂÃÂÿüñ üÃÂÃÂÃÂù ÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂÿýùúî ÃÂÃÂùóüî ÃÂÃÂý 10-6 ôõàÃÂõÃÂÿûÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂý, úñÃÂì ÃÂ÷ý ÿÃÂÿïñ ÷ àÃÂõÃÂñýìÃÂÃÂàþ÷ ñàÃÂî ÃÂÃÂñüìÃÂ÷ÃÂõ úñù ìÃÂÃÂùÃÂõ ÷ òÃÂñôÃÂÃÂõÃÂ÷ ôùñôùúñÃÂïñ ÃÂ÷àôùñÃÂÃÂÿûîàÃÂÿàÃÂõÃÂùóÃÂìÃÂ÷úõ ÃÂñÃÂñÃÂìýÃÂ. ÃÂùñ ñÃÂàÃÂùàÃÂàÃÂñûûïôõàñàÃÂÃÂàñÃÂþ÷ÃÂõ üÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂõ 10-31 ôõàÃÂõÃÂÃÂûõÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂ÷ ôùìüõÃÂÃÂàÃÂ÷àñÃÂà10-45 üÃÂÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂõ 10 ÃÂõÃÂïÃÂÿàõúñÃÂÿÃÂÃÂì, ô÷û. ÃÂõ 10-1 üÃÂÃÂÃÂñ, úñù ñÃÂÿÃÂÃÂûõÃÂõ ÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂàýÃÂÃÂõùñ ÃÂÿ ÿÃÂñÃÂàÃÂõ õüìàãÃÂüÃÂñý, ÃÂÿàñàÃÂî ÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂùóüî ÃÂÃÂõù óÃÂñüüùúÃÂàôùñÃÂÃÂìÃÂõùà1010 ÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ, õýàÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂñóüñÃÂùúàãÃÂüÃÂñý üõ ÃÂÿûàüõóñûÃÂÃÂõÃÂ÷ ôùìüõÃÂÃÂÿ (ÃÂֈÃÂìþ÷àÃÂÃÂý 103000 õÃÂÃÂý ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ) ñÃÂÿÃÂõûõïÃÂñù ñÃÂàÃÂÿûûì õÃÂùüÃÂÃÂÿààãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂñ, ñýìüõÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂñ ÿÃÂÿïñ ôõý àÃÂìÃÂÃÂõù úñüùì õÃÂùúÿùýÃÂýïñ úñù úñüùì ñûû÷ûõÃÂïôÃÂñÃÂ÷, ÃÂñÃÂì ÃÂ÷ý ñÃÂÃÂùúî ñùÃÂùñúî ÃÂÿààÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ úñù ÃÂ÷ý úÿùýî ÃÂÿààÃÂÃÂÿÃÂûõàÃÂ÷.
àæàÃÂùúî üÃÂÿÃÂõï ýñ õïýñù ôùñÃÂÿÃÂõÃÂùúî ÃÂÃÂñ õÃÂùüÃÂÃÂÿààñàÃÂì ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂñ, ÷ ÃÂàúýÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ õýÃÂÃÂóõùñàýñ õïýñù üõóñûÃÂÃÂõÃÂ÷ î üùúÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂ÷, ÷ ÃÂìÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàÃÂû÷øÃÂÃÂùÃÂüÿàýñ ôùñÃÂúõï ñýÃÂïÃÂÃÂÿùÃÂñ ÃÂõÃÂùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂÿ î ûùóÃÂÃÂõÃÂÿ, õýàñúÃÂüñ úñù ÿ ñÃÂùøüÃÂàÃÂÃÂý ôùñÃÂÃÂìÃÂõÃÂý ÃÂÿàçÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂýÿàøñ üÃÂÿÃÂÿÃÂÃÂõ ýñ õïýñù ôùñÃÂÿÃÂõÃÂùúÃÂÃÂ.
ÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂÃÂÿàý üõÃÂùúÃÂàøõÃÂÃÂïõàÃÂÿàôÃÂÃÂÿýÃÂñù ÃÂ÷ý ùôÃÂñ õýÃÂàÃÂÃÂÃÂÿàüõ ÃÂõÃÂùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂõàñÃÂàÃÂÃÂõùàôùñÃÂÃÂìÃÂõùà(øõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂÃÂý Kaluza - Klein úñù ìûûõàøõÃÂÃÂïõÃÂ), óõóÿýÃÂàÃÂÿàÃÂ÷üñïýõù ÃÂÃÂù ÿù õÃÂùÃÂûÃÂÿý ôùñÃÂÃÂìÃÂõùàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõù ýñ õïýñù ÃÂìÃÂñ ÃÂÿûàüùúÃÂÃÂÃÂ, ñýñôùÃÂûÃÂüÃÂýõàóÃÂÃÂàñÃÂàÃÂÿý õñàÃÂàÃÂÿààúñù ÃÂàýõÃÂÃÂàü÷ ñýÃÂùû÷ÃÂÃÂÃÂàÃÂÃÂÿ ôùúàüñàãÃÂüÃÂñý.
ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂõûõï, ÃÂüÃÂÃÂ, øõüùÃÂî ÃÂñÃÂñôÿÃÂî ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂõ ìûûñ ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂñ úìÃÂÿùõàñÃÂàÃÂùàôùñÃÂÃÂìÃÂõùàñàÃÂÃÂàõïýñù ñýõÃÂÃÂàóüÃÂýõàúñù ÷ àÃÂÃÂøõÃÂ÷ ñàÃÂî, ÃÂÃÂÃÂàõïýñù ÃÂàÃÂùúÃÂ, ÃÂñÃÂñÃÂÃÂüÃÂõù ÃÂõ ÃÂõÃÂùÿÃÂÃÂàÃÂÿàÃÂàýÿûùúÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàÃÂùöùúì ôùñÃÂÿÃÂõÃÂùúÃÂàñÃÂàÃÂÿ ôùúàüñàãÃÂüÃÂñý ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂàÃÂÃÂÿàÃÂñ ÃÂñÃÂñúÃÂ÷ÃÂùÃÂÃÂùúì ÃÂÃÂÿ úñù ÃÂàÃÂÃÂÿàÃÂùàùôùÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂàÃÂÿàÃÂ.
àøõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂÿààû÷øÃÂÃÂùÃÂÃÂùúÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàõÃÂü÷ýõÃÂõù üõ ÃÂõùÃÂÃÂùúàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ üõÃÂùúì ñÃÂàÃÂñ úõýì ÃÂÿàÃÂñøõÃÂÃÂüÃÂýÿàÃÂÿÃÂüÿûÿóùúÿààÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂÿà. àÃÂìóüñÃÂù, ñý ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ñÃÂÿÃÂõûõï ÃÂüîüñ õýÃÂàÃÂÿûàüõóñûÃÂÃÂõÃÂÿàÃÂàýÃÂûÿàõþ÷óõïÃÂñù ñàÃÂÃÂüñÃÂñ ÷ ÃÂÃÂõôÃÂý õÃÂïÃÂõô÷ õùúÃÂýñ ÃÂÿàÃÂñÃÂÿàÃÂùìöõù, õýà÷ ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂûõàÃÂî ÃÂÿàñÃÂàüùñ üùúÃÂî üÃÂýÿ ñùÃÂùñúî ÃÂõÃÂùÿÃÂî ÃÂ÷üñïýõù ÃÂÃÂù õïÃÂõ ÃÂÃÂ÷ ôùìøõÃÂî ÃÂÿàÃÂûÿ ÃÂÿý ñÃÂñùÃÂÿÃÂüõýÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂýÿ ýñ ñÃÂÿúÃÂîÃÂõù ÃÂ÷ý ÿüÿùÿóõýî úñù ùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ÷ úñÃÂñýÿüî ÃÂֈÃÂû÷àúñù ÃÂ÷àñúÃÂùýÿòÿûïñàÃÂÿàÃÂÿ ÃÂñÃÂñúÃÂ÷ÃÂïöÿàý.
ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ, ÃÂüÃÂÃÂ, ÿù ÃÂõÃÂùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂõàúÿÃÂüÿûÿóùúÃÂàøõÃÂÃÂïõÃÂ, ôïýõù ñÃÂñýÃÂîÃÂõùàÃÂõ õÃÂÃÂÃÂîüñÃÂñ ÃÂÿàÿÃÂñÃÂÿàúÃÂÃÂüÿàüõ ôõôÿüÃÂýñ ÃÂÿà, úñøÃÂàòÃÂïÃÂúÿýÃÂñù ÃÂþàñÃÂàÃÂÿý ÃÂûõóÃÂÿ ÃÂֈÃÂñÃÂñÃÂîÃÂ÷ÃÂ÷àúñù ÃÂÿàÃÂõùÃÂìüñÃÂÿÃÂ, ôõý üÃÂÿÃÂÿÃÂý ýñ õûõóÃÂøÿÃÂý óùñ ÃÂ÷ý ÿÃÂøÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ î ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂìûüñ ÃÂÿààúñù ñàÃÂàïÃÂÃÂàñÃÂÿÃÂõûõï ÃÂÿ úàÃÂùÃÂÃÂõÃÂÿ üõùÿýÃÂúÃÂ÷üì ÃÂ÷ÃÂ.
ÃÂûùúïñ ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ
àEdwin Hubble ÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂùüÿÃÂÿï÷ÃÂõ üùñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ óùñ ÃÂÿààÃÂñûûÃÂüõýÿààüõÃÂñòû÷ÃÂÿÃÂàÃÂ÷ÃÂõïôõàÃÂÿ 1924, óùñ ýñ üõÃÂÃÂîÃÂõù ÃÂ÷ý ñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂàÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂõùÃÂÿõùôî ýõÃÂõûÃÂüñÃÂñ úñù ÃÂôõùþõ óùñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿÃÂì ÃÂÃÂù îÃÂñý õþÃÂóñûñþùñúì ñýÃÂùúõïüõýñ õýàÿ ÃÂñûñþïñàüñÃÂ, ÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂõù ôùìüõÃÂÃÂÿ 100.000 ÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ, õïýñù ÃÂýñàñýìüõÃÂñ ÃÂõ ñüÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂÿààÃÂñûñþïõÃÂ. ÃÂý ÃÂàüõÃÂñþàÿ Vesto Slipher ÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂùüÿÃÂÿùÃÂýÃÂñàÃÂ÷ üõÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂùÃÂ÷ Doppler ÃÂÃÂý ÃÂñÃÂüñÃÂùúÃÂý óÃÂñüüÃÂý ÃÂõ ÃÂõÃÂùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂÿààñÃÂà40 ÃÂñûñþïõÃÂ, üÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂõ ÃÂùàñúÃÂùýùúÃÂàÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂõàÃÂÿààúñù òÃÂîúõ ÃÂÃÂù ÿù ÃÂõÃÂùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂÿù ñÃÂàñàÃÂÿÃÂÃÂ, ÿù üñúÃÂùýÿï ÃÂñûñþïõÃÂ, ñÃÂÿüñúÃÂÃÂýÿýÃÂñý ñÃÂàüñÃÂ. äÿ ÃÂñùýÃÂüõýÿ ñàÃÂàÿýÿüìÃÂÃÂ÷úõ "æàóî ÃÂÃÂý ÃÂñûñþùÃÂý".
äÿ 1929 ÿ Hubble ÃÂàýôÃÂñÃÂõ ÃÂùàüõÃÂÃÂîÃÂõùàÃÂÿàÃÂúñýõ óùñ ÃÂùàñÃÂÿÃÂÃÂìÃÂõùàÃÂÃÂý ÃÂñûñþùÃÂý úñù õúõïýõàìûûÃÂý õÃÂõàý÷ÃÂÃÂý (ÃÂÿàòñÃÂïÃÂÃÂ÷úñý ÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂõùýÃÂÃÂõÃÂñ ñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂùñ üÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÿààÃÂñûñþïõÃÂ) üõ ÃÂùàÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂõàñÃÂÿüìúÃÂàýÃÂ÷àóùñ ýñ ñýñúñûÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂñ ôÃÂÿ ñàÃÂì üõóÃÂø÷ õïýñù ñýìûÿóñ. ÃÂÃÂÿ üõóñûÃÂÃÂõÃÂ÷ õïýñù ÷ ñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàóñûñþïñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ üõóñûÃÂÃÂõÃÂ÷ õïýñù ÷ ÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ ÃÂÿà. ÃÂòóñûõ ûÿùÃÂÃÂý üùñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàõïýñù óýÃÂÃÂÃÂî ÃÂàýÃÂüÿàÃÂÿàHubble:
v = H * d .
àôùñÃÂÃÂÿûî ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàõïÃÂõ ñýñúñûàÃÂøõï. ÃÂýìûÿóñ õÃÂïÃÂ÷àüõ ÃÂ÷ ÃÂùüî ÃÂֈÃÂÃÂñøõÃÂìàH ÃÂÿàHubble, üÃÂÿÃÂÿÃÂüõ ýñ àÃÂÿûÿóïÃÂÿàüõ úñù ÃÂ÷ý ÷ûùúïñ ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ.
àõýñûûñúÃÂùúÃÂàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿàóùñ ÃÂÿý àÃÂÿûÿóùÃÂüàÃÂ÷à÷ûùúïñàÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂÃÂüÿàõïýñù ýñ üõÃÂÃÂ÷øõï üõ ñúÃÂïòõùñ ÷ ÃÂÃÂñøõÃÂì ÃÂÿàHubble H, óùñÃÂï ÷ ÃÂÃÂñøõÃÂì ñàÃÂî õïýñù ÃÂýñ üÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂÿàÃÂ÷üõÃÂùýÿàÃÂàøüÿàôùñÃÂÃÂÿûîàÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ. ãÃÂ÷ý ÃÂÃÂìþ÷ üñàôïýõù ÃÂÿý ÃÂÃÂÃÂýÿ ÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂÃÂñÃÂõ ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ ÃÂõóìû÷ ÃÂúÃÂ÷þ÷. ÃÂûûì ÷ ÃÂùüî ÃÂֈÃÂÃÂñøõÃÂìàñàÃÂîàõþñÃÂÃÂìÃÂñù ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ùÃÂÃÂÿÃÂïñ ÃÂÿàÃÂàøüÿàôùñÃÂÃÂÿûîÃÂ, ÃÂÿàõý ÃÂàýÃÂÃÂõùñ õþñÃÂÃÂìÃÂñù ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿàÃÂñ ÃÂàúýÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ ÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàúñù ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂýøõÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ.
ÃÂìý ûÿùÃÂÃÂý ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý õïýñù õÃÂïÃÂõôÿ úñù ñÃÂÿÃÂõûõïÃÂñù úàÃÂïÃÂàñÃÂàÃÂàý÷øùÃÂüÃÂý÷ ÃÂû÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂõ ÷ ÷ûùúïñ ÃÂÿàõïýñù : 2/(3 H) , ÃÂÃÂÿàH õïýñù ÷ ÃÂùüî ÃÂֈÃÂÃÂñøõÃÂìàÃÂÿàHubble.
- ÃÂûûì õìý ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ñÃÂÿÃÂõûõïÃÂñù úñÃÂì ÃÂýñ üùúÃÂàÃÂÿÃÂÿÃÂÃÂàñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ÃÂàý÷øùÃÂüÃÂý÷ òñÃÂàÿýùúî ÃÂû÷, ÃÂÃÂÃÂõ ÷ûùúïñ ÃÂÿàõïýñù üõóñûÃÂÃÂõÃÂ÷: 1/Ho.
- ÃÂù ñý ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ÃÂõÃÂùÃÂÃÂõù üùñ üÿÃÂÃÂî ÃÂû÷àÃÂñÃÂÃÂüÿùñ üõ ÃÂ÷ý úÿÃÂüÿûÿóùúî ÃÂÃÂñøõÃÂì à(ãúÿÃÂõùýî ÃÂýÃÂÃÂóõùñ), ÃÂÃÂÃÂõ ÷ ÷ûùúïñ ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàüÃÂÿÃÂõï ýñ õïýñù ñúÃÂüñ üõóñûÃÂÃÂõÃÂ÷.
ÃÂù ñÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýÃÂüÿù óùñ ýñ üõÃÂÃÂîÃÂÿàý ÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂñøõÃÂì Hubble ÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂùüÿÃÂÿùÿÃÂý ôùìÃÂÿÃÂõàÃÂõÃÂýùúÃÂÃÂ. ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂù ÃÂîüõÃÂñ, ÿù úñûÃÂÃÂõÃÂõàõúÃÂùüîÃÂõùàóùñ ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂÃÂñøõÃÂìàÃÂÿàHubble úàüñïýÿýÃÂñù ñÃÂà65 km/sec/Megaparsec ÃÂà80 km/sec/Megaparsec (1 üõóñÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂú ùÃÂÿÃÂÃÂñù üõ 3.26 õúñÃÂÿüüÃÂÃÂùñ ÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ).
àÃÂùÿ ÃÂùøñýî ÃÂùüî ÃÂñïýõÃÂñù ýñ õïýñù ÃÂõÃÂïÃÂÿà72 km/sec/Megaparsec. ÃÂÃÂÃÂù, ÿù ñÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýÃÂüÿù øõÃÂÃÂÿÃÂý ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÿ ÃÂ÷ûïúÿ 1/H (÷ ÷ûùúïñ ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ) õïýñù üõÃÂñþà12 úñù 14 ôùÃÂõúñÃÂÿüüàÃÂïÃÂý õÃÂÃÂý. àÃÂõûõàÃÂñïñ õúÃÂïü÷ÃÂ÷ õïýñù 13,7.
àÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñÃÂõàÃÂõÃÂÃÂîÃÂõùÃÂ
ãàüÃÂõÃÂñÃÂüñÃÂùúì ñÃÂàÃÂùàÃÂùÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñÃÂõàÃÂñÃÂñÃÂ÷ÃÂîÃÂõùàÃÂÿàWMAP, ÃÂùàüõûÃÂÃÂõàÃÂ÷àúñÃÂñýÿüîàÃÂÃÂý ÃÂñûñþùÃÂý úñù ÃÂÃÂý ÃÂñûñþùñúÃÂý ãü÷ýÃÂý ÃÂÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý úñù ÃÂÿý àÃÂÿûÿóùÃÂüàÃÂֈÃÂÃÂñøõÃÂìàÃÂÿàHubble, ñÃÂÿôõùúýÃÂõÃÂñù ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý õïýñù:
ñ) ÃÂàúûõïôõùÿ
ò) ÃÂÃÂõù ÷ûùúïñ 13.7 ôùÃÂõúñÃÂÿüüàÃÂïÃÂý ÃÂÃÂÃÂýÃÂý (üõ ÃÂõÃÂùøÃÂÃÂùÿ ÃÂÃÂìûüñÃÂÿàüÃÂûùà1%).
ó) àÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàõïýñù ÷ ñúÃÂûÿàø÷:
- äÿ 4% ÃÂֈÃÂû÷àÃÂÿàñÃÂÿÃÂõûõïÃÂñù ñÃÂàãàýîø÷ ÃÂû÷ ô÷û. ñÃÂàòñÃÂàÃÂýùñ (ÃÂ.ÃÂ. ÷ ÃÂû÷ ÷ ÿÃÂÿïñ "õüÃÂõÃÂùÃÂÃÂõÃÂñù" ÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂ÷ úñù ÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂüòùñ ÃÂýÃÂñ).
- äÿ 23% ñÃÂÿÃÂõûõïÃÂñù ñÃÂàãúÿÃÂõùýî ÃÂû÷ (ìóýÃÂÃÂÃÂñ üÃÂÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÃÂùóüîàÃÂÃÂüñÃÂïôùñ ÃÂÿàñûû÷ûõÃÂùôÃÂÿÃÂý üÃÂýÿ òñÃÂàÃÂùúì üõ ÃÂ÷ý ãàýîø÷ ÃÂû÷), õýÃÂ
- äÿ àÃÂÃÂûÿùÃÂÿ 73% ÃÂÃÂõÃÂïöõÃÂñù üõ ÃÂ÷ý õýÃÂÃÂóõùñ ÃÂÿàúõýÿà(î ñûûùÃÂÃÂ, ãúÿÃÂõùýî ÃÂýÃÂÃÂóõùñ)(ÃÂÿàøõÃÂÃÂõïÃÂñù ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÃÂÿúÃÂÃÂÃÂõù ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ûõóÃÂüõý÷ ÃÂÿÃÂüÿûÿóùúî ãÃÂñøõÃÂì). äñ ÃÂñÃÂñÃÂìýàñÃÂÿÃÂõûÃÂÃÂüñÃÂñ ÃÂ÷üñïýÿàý ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý øñ ÃÂàýõÃÂïÃÂõù ýñ ôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂûûõÃÂñù óùñ ÃÂìýÃÂñ úñù üìûùÃÂÃÂñ üõ õÃÂùÃÂñÃÂàýÃÂüõýÿ ÃÂàøüÃÂ.
ÃÂþÃÂûùþ÷ ÃÂֈÃÂýøÃÂÃÂÃÂùý÷àÃÂýÃÂÃÂ÷àóùñ ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý
ÃÂýÃÂúñøõý, ÿ ìýøÃÂÃÂÃÂÿàÃÂýùÃÂøõ üùñ ñúñÃÂñüìÃÂ÷ÃÂ÷ ÃÂûþ÷ óùñ ÿÃÂùôîÃÂÿÃÂõ õïÃÂõ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ üõ ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý. ÃÂÃÂñý, úñù ÃÂñÃÂñüÃÂýõù ÃÂìýÃÂÿÃÂõ, ÃÂÿ üÃÂóùÃÂÃÂÿ ñÃÂàÃÂûñ üàÃÂÃÂîÃÂùñ úñù ñùýïóüñÃÂñ ÃÂÿàõÃÂùøàýõï ýñ õÃÂùûÃÂÃÂõù ÷ ÃÂýøÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ.
ÃÂÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ÃÂÃÂÃÂñùÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ üÃÂÃÂÃÂù ÃÂîüõÃÂñ, ÿ ìýøÃÂÃÂÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂñøõï ýñ ñÃÂÿúñûÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂñ üàÃÂÃÂùúì ÃÂÿàñÃÂÃÂÃÂñýÃÂÿàÃÂùñÃÂÃÂîüñÃÂÿàúñù ýñ úñÃÂñýÿîÃÂõù ÃÂÿ àñÃÂõûøÃÂý, ÃÂÿ àñÃÂÃÂý úñù ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂûûÿý.
àÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂÿÃÂïñ
àÃÂÃÂÃÂõù ýñ ÃÂÿýùÃÂøõï ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂÿ üÃÂóõøÿàÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂÿ úñù ÷ ïôùñ ÷ "ãàüÃÂñýÃÂùúî ÃÂýýÿùñ" õþõûïÃÂø÷úõ õýÃÂàÃÂÃÂÃÂùñúì, ÃÂõ úìøõ õÃÂÿÃÂî ÃÂֈÃÂýøÃÂÃÂÃÂùý÷àÃÂþÃÂûùþ÷ÃÂ.
- àÃÂÿÃÂñýÃÂàóùñ ÃÂÿààÃÂÃÂÿóÃÂýÿààÃÂÿàHomo Sapiens ÿù ÃÂýýÿùõà"ãÃÂüÃÂñý" úñù "õñàÃÂÃÂÃÂ" ôõý îÃÂñý ôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂïÃÂùüõÃÂ. ÃÂñ üÃÂÿÃÂÿÃÂÃÂñüõ ýñ ÃÂÿÃÂüõ ÃÂÃÂù óùñ ñàÃÂàÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý îÃÂñý ÃÂÿýôÃÂùúì ÃÂýñ "ÃÂ÷üõïÿ".
- ÃÂûûì úñù ÃÂÿý ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÿÃÂàûûÃÂúÃÂ÷, ô÷û ÃÂÿý "ìýøÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂý ÃÂÃÂ÷ûñïÃÂý", ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý õþñúÿûÿÃÂø÷ÃÂõ ýñ ÃÂÃÂõù "ÃÂ÷üõùñúî üÿÃÂÃÂî" (ñý úñù ñÃÂúõÃÂì ôùõàÃÂàüÃÂý÷) úñøÃÂàîÃÂñý ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂñýÃÂàÃÂñàÃÂùöÃÂÃÂñý üõ ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂõÃÂùÿÃÂî ÃÂÃÂÿàôùÃÂüõýõ úñù úàý÷óÿÃÂÃÂõ.
- ÃÂÃÂóÃÂÃÂõÃÂñ, ÃÂÃÂñý ÿ ìýøÃÂÃÂÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂÃÂñÃÂõ ÃÂÃÂÿ úÃÂ÷ýÿÃÂÃÂÿÃÂùúàÃÂÃÂìôùÿ úñù ÃÂÃÂ÷üñÃÂïÃÂø÷úñý ÿù ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõàÃÂàûÃÂàÃÂàãÃÂüÃÂñý øñ øõÃÂÃÂÿÃÂýÃÂñý ÷ "óÃÂñüüî" ÃÂֈÃÂÿÃÂõïñàÃÂÿàôùÃÂÃÂõÃÂõÃÂñý úñÃÂì ÃÂ÷ý ýÿüñôùúî öÃÂî ÃÂÿàÃÂ. ÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂõ ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ñÃÂÃÂúÃÂ÷ÃÂõ ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ ôùìÃÂÃÂñÃÂ÷ úñù ÃÂóùýõ óÃÂñüüùúÃÂ.
ãÃÂùàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõàóõÃÂÃÂóùúÃÂàúÿùýÃÂýïõÃÂ, ÷ ÃÂýýÿùñ "ãÃÂüÃÂñý" ôõý õïÃÂõ ñÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂùÃÂøõï ñúÃÂü÷ ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ÃÂýýÿùñ "ÃÂøýÿÃÂ/úÃÂìÃÂÿÃÂ". äÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ÃÂõÃÂùõûìüòñýõ ÃÂÿ úñûûùõÃÂóÿÃÂüõýÿ ÃÂôñÃÂÿàÃÂ÷àúÿùýÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñàúñù ÃÂÃÂÃÂù ÃÂóùýõ ôùÃÂôùìÃÂÃÂñÃÂÿ.
äñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñ ãàüÃÂñýÃÂùúì ÃÂÿýÃÂÃÂûñ
ãÃÂ÷ý ñàóî ÃÂÿàñýøÃÂÃÂÃÂùýÿàÃÂÿûùÃÂùÃÂüÿÃÂ, ÃÂÃÂñý ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂûÿ ÃÂֈÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂÿÃÂïñàñýñÃÂÃÂÃÂø÷úõ (ÃÂõûõàÃÂñïÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂñÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂֈ4ֈÃÂùûùõÃÂ÷ÃÂïôñàÃÂ.ç.), ÃÂÃÂÃÂõ ÃÂ÷ý ôùñûõÃÂúñýÃÂ÷ ÃÂ÷àãàüÃÂñýÃÂùúîàÃÂýýÿùñàñýÃÂûñòñý ÿù ûõóÃÂüõýÿù ÃÂýñÃÂÿûùúÿï ÃÂñÿï (ãÿàüÃÂÃÂùÿù, ÃÂùóÃÂÃÂÃÂùÿù, ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂùÿù, ÃÂñòàûÃÂýùÿù, ú.ñ) äñ ùõÃÂñÃÂõïñ ÃÂÃÂý ûñÃÂý ñàÃÂÃÂý ìÃÂÃÂùÃÂñý ýñ ÃÂÃÂõôùìöÿàý ÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñ "ñÃÂÃÂÃÂóÿýñ ÃÂàüÃÂñýÃÂùúì üÿýÃÂÃÂûñ" ÃÂÃÂÿàÃÂàüÃÂõÃÂùÃÂûñòñý úñù ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂîùý÷ ÃÂÃÂüÃÂÃÂÃÂñùÃÂñ. ÃÂàÃÂùñÃÂÃÂùúì ÃÂüÃÂÃÂ, ÿù ÿÃÂÿûÿóïõà"ãÃÂüÃÂñý" úñù "ÃÂ÷" ôõý îÃÂñý ñúÃÂü÷ ôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂïÃÂùüõàÃÂýýÿùõÃÂ. éÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ ÷ ÃÂàýõùÃÂÃÂÿÃÂì ÃÂÿààîÃÂñý úñøÿÃÂùÃÂÃÂùúî úñøÃÂàüõ ÃÂ÷ý õýÃÂÃÂüìÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàÿàÃÂñýÿà(ÿàÃÂùñÃÂÃÂùúì, ÃÂÿàÿÃÂïöÿýÃÂñ) ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂøõÃÂñý ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂÃÂïÃÂ÷ ôùìÃÂÃÂñÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂÿ ãàüÃÂñýÃÂùúàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂàÃÂÿ.
ÃÂùìúÃÂùÃÂ÷ ÃÂ÷àúñù ÃÂùñÃÂÃÂîüñÃÂÿÃÂ
ãÃÂ÷ ÃÂàýÃÂÃÂõùñ ÷ ÃÂúàÃÂìû÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂñÃÂõ ÃÂÃÂÿààÃÂûû÷ýõàÃÂùûÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÿàÃÂ. ÃÂàÃÂÿï òñøüùñïñ ñýÃÂõûîÃÂø÷ÃÂñý ÃÂÃÂù ñýÃÂùúõïüõýñ ÃÂÿà"ãÃÂõÃÂõÃÂüñÃÂÿÃÂ" (ÃÂûùÿÃÂ, ãõûîý÷, àûñýîÃÂõÃÂ) õïýñù ôùñÃÂÿÃÂõÃÂùúì ÿàÃÂìýùñ ÃÂÃÂüñÃÂñ ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ÃÂ÷. ÃÂàÃÂî îÃÂñý úñù ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ ñàÃÂÿýÃÂü÷ÃÂ÷ ÃÂֈÃÂýýÿùñàÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàñÃÂàÃÂùàóîùýõàôÿüÃÂÃÂ. ÃÂÃÂñý õüÃÂõôÃÂø÷úõ ñàÃÂÃÂàÿ ôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂùÃÂüÃÂàÃÂÃÂÃÂõ ôùñüÿÃÂÃÂÃÂø÷úñý ÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂñóüñÃÂùúì ãàüÃÂñýÃÂùúì üÿýÃÂÃÂûñ.
àÃÂÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂûõùÿàÃÂñùÿúõýÃÂÃÂùÃÂüÃÂÃÂ
àÃÂÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂû÷ÃÂ, ÃÂÃÂÿ òùòûïÿ ÃÂÿàëàõÃÂï ÃÂàÃÂñýÿÃÂû, àÃÂÿÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂïöõù ñÃÂàÃÂÿ 340 ÃÂ.ç. ÃÂÃÂù ÷ ÃÂ÷ õïýñù ÃÂÃÂñùÃÂùúî úñù ÃÂÃÂù òÃÂïÃÂúõÃÂñù ÃÂÃÂÿ úÃÂýÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ. ÃÂÃÂýõù ñúïý÷ÃÂ÷, õýàÿ ÃÂûùÿÃÂ, ÷ ãõûîý÷, ÿù ÃÂûñýîÃÂõàúñù ÿù ñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõàúùýÿÃÂýÃÂñù óÃÂÃÂàñÃÂàÃÂ÷ ÃÂ÷ ÃÂõ ÃÂÃÂûõùõàúàúûùúÃÂàÃÂÃÂÿÃÂùÃÂÃÂ.
ÃÂïýñù òÃÂòñùñ ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂñýÃÂàÃÂÃÂù ÷ ÃÂýýÿùñ ÃÂÿà"ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ\ÃÂÃÂÃÂüÿà" ÃÂñàÃÂùöÃÂÃÂñý üõ ÃÂÿ ÃÂ÷üõÃÂùýàÃÂûùñúàãÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷üñ.
àõüÃÂìýùÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàÃÂûùÿúõýÃÂÃÂùÃÂüÿÃÂ
ÃÂñÃÂì ÃÂÿý ÃÂÃÂïÃÂÃÂñÃÂÃÂÿ, o ÃÂûùÿàõïýñù ÃÂÿ úÃÂýÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàúñù óÃÂÃÂàñÃÂàñàÃÂÃÂý ÃÂõÃÂùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýÃÂñù ÿù ÃÂûñýîÃÂõà(ÃÂàüÃÂõÃÂùûñüòñýÿüÃÂý÷àúñù ÃÂֈÃÂ÷ÃÂ), õýà÷ ÃÂ÷ ÃÂõÃÂùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂñù óÃÂÃÂàñÃÂàÃÂÿý ìþÿýì ÃÂ÷àúìøõ õùúÿÃÂùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂùàÃÂÃÂõÃÂ. ÃÂàÃÂÃÂàÃÂÃÂÃÂ, ÷ øõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂïÃÂÃÂñÃÂÃÂÿà, ÃÂÿàÃÂîüõÃÂñ þÃÂÃÂÿàüõ ÃÂÃÂù õïýñù ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂî, ôõý àùÿøõÃÂîø÷úõ ñÃÂàÃÂÿý ñÃÂÃÂñïÿ úÃÂÃÂüÿ úñù ÃÂÃÂýÃÂÿüñ û÷ÃÂüÿýîø÷úõ.
ààÃÂÿûõüñÃÂúÃÂàÃÂñùÿúõýÃÂÃÂùÃÂüÃÂÃÂ
àõÃÂï ÃÂñ üÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂÿàôõÃÂÃÂõÃÂÿàñùÃÂýñ ü.ç. ñýñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂø÷úõ ÷ øõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂÿààÃÂÿûõüñïÿà. ÃÂñÃÂì ÃÂ÷ øõÃÂÃÂïñ ñàÃÂî ÷ ÃÂ÷ õïýñù ÃÂÿ úÃÂýÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂÃÂüÿà. ãÃÂÃÂúõÃÂñù ñúïý÷ÃÂ÷ úñù óÃÂÃÂàÃÂֈÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýÃÂñù ÿúÃÂàüõóìûõàÃÂÃÂñïÃÂõàÃÂÿàüõÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂÿàý ÃÂñ ÿàÃÂìýùñ ÃÂÃÂüñÃÂñ.
àìýàÃÂõ ñàÃÂÃÂàÃÂùàÃÂÃÂñïÃÂõàúùýÿÃÂýÃÂñù ÿ ÃÂûùÿÃÂ, ÷ ãõûîý÷ úñù ÿù ÃÂÃÂýÃÂõ ÃÂûñýîÃÂõàÃÂÿàîÃÂñý ÃÂÃÂÃÂõ óýÃÂÃÂÃÂÿï, ô÷û. ÿ ÃÂÃÂüîÃÂ, ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿôïÃÂ÷, ÿ ÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂ, ÿ ÃÂõÃÂàúñù ÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂýÿÃÂ.
àõþÃÂÃÂõÃÂùúî (÷ ÃÂóôÿ÷) ÃÂÃÂñïÃÂñ üõÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂÿààñÃÂûñýõïàñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂ.
ÃÂù ñÃÂûñýõïàñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõàõïýñù ÿù ñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõàÃÂÿàÃÂñÃÂñüÃÂýÿàý ÃÂÃÂñøõÃÂì ÃÂÃÂùàïôùõÃÂ, üõÃÂñþàÃÂÿàÃÂ, øÃÂÃÂõùÃÂ, ñûûì úñù ÃÂÿàÃÂûÿù üñöï ÃÂõÃÂùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýÃÂñù ÃÂÃÂÿý ÿàÃÂñýÃÂ. ÃÂþïöõù ýñ ÃÂ÷üõùÃÂÃÂÿàüõ ÃÂÃÂù ÿ àÃÂÿûõüñïÿÃÂ, ÃÂñÃÂì ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂñýÃÂõûî ÃÂûûõùÃÂ÷ úñÃÂìûû÷ûÃÂý ÿÃÂóìýÃÂý, àÃÂÿûÃÂóùÃÂõ ÃÂ÷ üÃÂÃÂ÷ ñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñÃÂ÷ ÃÂֈÃÂ÷àñÃÂàÃÂ÷ ãõûîý÷ üõ ÃÂÃÂõÃÂùúì üõóìû÷ ñúÃÂïòõùñ. ãàóúõúÃÂùüÃÂýñ, àÃÂÿûÃÂóùÃÂõ ÃÂÃÂù ÷ ñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñÃÂ÷ ñàÃÂî õïýñù ÃÂÃÂÿ 29.5 ÃÂÿÃÂÃÂàÃÂ÷ ôùìüõÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂֈÃÂֈ(õýà÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂî ñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñÃÂ÷ õïýñù 30.2 ÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂ).
ÃÂüÿùñ úñù ÿ ÃÂÃÂñÃÂÿÃÂøÃÂý÷ààÃÂÿûÃÂóùÃÂõ ÃÂ÷ ôùìüõÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂֈÃÂ÷àüõ õýÃÂàÃÂÃÂÃÂùñúî ñúÃÂïòõùñ (ÃÂÃÂõÃÂõ ÃÂþàúñÃÂì ÃÂõÃÂïÃÂÿà90 ÃÂùûùÃÂüõÃÂÃÂñ).
àõÃÂùúÃÂìÃÂ÷ÃÂõ ÃÂÿàÃÂñùÿúõýÃÂÃÂùÃÂüÿÃÂ
àøõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂÿààÃÂÿûõüñïÿàîÃÂñý òÃÂòñùñ ûñýøñÃÂüÃÂý÷, ñûûì ÃÂàýÃÂÃÂùÃÂÃÂõ ÃÂõ üõóìûÿ òñøüÃÂ, üõ ÃÂùàñÃÂÃÂÃÂõùàÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂû÷. ÃÂÃÂÃÂù àùÿøõÃÂîúõ ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ÃÂÃÂÃÂõ ôùñüÿÃÂÃÂÿÃÂüõý÷ çÃÂùÃÂÃÂùñýùúî ÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂúõïñ ÃÂÿàñýñö÷ÃÂÿÃÂÃÂõ ýñ õýÃÂÃÂüñÃÂÃÂÃÂõù üïñ "ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿý÷ úÿÃÂüÿûÿóïñ". ààùÿøÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂ÷ ñàÃÂî õïÃÂõ ÃÂàñÃÂÿÃÂÃÂûõÃÂüñ ÃÂ÷ý ñÃÂÃÂûàÃÂ÷ úñøùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ úñù ÃÂñóïÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿààÃÂÿûõüñÃÂúÿàÃÂàÃÂÃÂîüñÃÂÿÃÂ. ÃÂÃÂÿùÿàÃÂõÃÂñùÃÂýùúÃÂàìýøÃÂÃÂÃÂÿàÃÂÿûüÿÃÂÃÂõ ýñ ôùñÃÂÃÂýîÃÂõù, ÃÂñÃÂñúÃÂ÷ÃÂùöÃÂÃÂñý ÃÂàñùÃÂõÃÂùúÃÂÃÂ, ñýÃÂùüõÃÂÃÂÃÂùöõ ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂõÃÂî ÃÂþÃÂÃÂñÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂÿàÃÂàýîøÃÂàõÃÂùüÃÂÃÂõïÃÂÿ ñàÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂì, ñúÃÂüñ úñù üõ øìýñÃÂÿ.
àÃÂýñòïÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàÃÂûùÿúõýÃÂÃÂùÃÂüÿÃÂ
ÃÂõÃÂì ñÃÂàñùÃÂýõàÃÂùÃÂÃÂîÃÂ, ÿ ÃÂùúÃÂûñÿàÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂýùúÿà(1473-1543), àÿûÃÂýÃÂàñÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýÃÂüÿà(õùúÃÂýñ 1.7ñ), ÃÂÿàúñÃÂì ÃÂìÃÂñ ÃÂùøñýÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ óýÃÂÃÂùöõ ÃÂ÷ øõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂïÃÂÃÂñÃÂÃÂÿà(óõóÿýÃÂàÃÂÿàôõý ÃÂÃÂõù õþñúÃÂùòÃÂøõï, ñûûì ñàÃÂàùÃÂÃÂàÃÂïöÿýÃÂñù ÃÂÿûûÿï õÃÂùÃÂÃÂîüÿýõÃÂ), õÃÂñýñôùñÃÂàÃÂÃÂýõù (ñûûì üõ õÃÂùÃÂÃÂ÷üÿýùúÃÂÃÂõÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂûÃÂÿý) ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂûùÿúõýÃÂÃÂùúî ìÃÂÿÃÂ÷, ÃÂÃÂù ô÷ûñôî ÃÂÿ úÃÂýÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàõïýñù ÿ ÃÂûùÿàúñù ÃÂÃÂù óÃÂÃÂàñÃÂàÃÂÿý ÃÂûùÿ ÃÂõÃÂùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýÃÂñù ÿù ÃÂûñýîÃÂõÃÂ.
ÃÂÃÂàÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂòÿ ýñ ü÷ý úñÃÂ÷óÿÃÂ÷øõï úñù ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂñýÃÂÃÂàýñ ü÷ý ÃÂùüÃÂÃÂ÷øõï ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý õúúû÷ÃÂïñ (îÃÂñý ôùÿÃÂùÃÂüÃÂýÿààÃÂìûû÷ûÿàôùñ òïÿàÃÂõ úñøõôÃÂùúàýñÃÂ), ÿù ñÃÂÃÂÃÂõùàÃÂÿàñàÃÂÃÂàõïôñý ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂàÃÂ÷àô÷üÿÃÂùÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñàüõ ÃÂõàôÃÂýàüÿ ñúÃÂùòÃÂàÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂÿàÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂøñýõ. æàÃÂùúì, ÿù ñÃÂÃÂÃÂõùàÃÂÿàÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂýùúÿà(ÃÂÃÂÃÂàõþìûûÿàúñù ÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂïÃÂÃÂñÃÂÃÂÿà) îÃÂñý ñÃÂûÃÂààÃÂÿøÃÂÃÂõùÃÂ, ÃÂÃÂÃÂïàñÃÂÿôõïþõùÃÂ. ÃÂÃÂÿüÃÂýÃÂÃÂ, ôõý îÃÂñý ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ àÃÂÿøÃÂÃÂõùàñûîøõùñÃÂ, ÃÂÃÂÿ àÃÂÿøÃÂÃÂõùàñÃÂûÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñÃÂ, óùñÃÂï ÃÂôùýñý üùñ ñÃÂûî, ô÷û. ÃÂùÿ ûÿóùúî, ìÃÂÿÃÂ÷ óùñ ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ñÃÂàñàÃÂîý ÃÂÿààÃÂÿûõüñïÿà.
àÃÂñûùûñïÿàúñù ÿù ñýÃÂùôÃÂìÃÂõùàÃÂֈÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂúõïñÃÂ
çÃÂõùìÃÂÃÂ÷úñý õúñÃÂàÃÂõÃÂïÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ ñÃÂàÃÂÃÂÃÂõ ÃÂÿàô÷üÿÃÂùõÃÂÃÂ÷úñý ÿù ñÃÂÃÂÃÂõùàÃÂÿàÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂýùúÿà, óùñ ýñ ÃÂùàÃÂìÃÂõù úìÃÂÿùÿàÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂÿòñÃÂì úñù ýñ ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂñøîÃÂõù ýñ ñÃÂÿôõïþõù ÃÂÃÂù îÃÂñý ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ. ÃÂàÃÂàÃÂÿ ÃÂúñýõ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿàÿ ÃÂñûùûñïÿà(1564-1642), ÃÂÿàÃÂö÷ÃÂõ ÃÂÃÂ÷ý àïöñ ÃÂֈÃÂÃÂñûïñÃÂ. ÃÂù ñÃÂÿôõïþõùàÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂïÃÂø÷úñý ÃÂÃÂùàÃÂñÃÂñÃÂ÷ÃÂîÃÂõùàÃÂÿàÃÂúñýõ ÿ ïôùÿàüõ ÃÂÿ ÃÂ÷ûõÃÂúÃÂÃÂùÿ, ÃÂÿààÃÂîÃÂþõ úñù ÿ õÃÂõàÃÂÃÂÃÂֈÃÂÿà.
àñÃÂñÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂýÃÂñàÃÂùàúùýîÃÂõùàÃÂÃÂý ÃÂûñý÷ÃÂÃÂý, ôùñÃÂïÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõ ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÃÂìóüñÃÂù ÿ ÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂýùúÿàõïÃÂõ ôïúñùÿ, úñù õþÃÂôÃÂÃÂõ ÃÂÿ 1632 ÃÂÃÂõÃÂùúàÃÂÃÂóóÃÂñüüñ. ÃÂùñ ÃÂùàñýñúñûÃÂÃÂõùàÃÂÿàñàÃÂÃÂàõôùÃÂÃÂø÷ ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý áÃÂüñùÿúñøÿûùúî ÃÂúúû÷ÃÂïñ, õÃÂõùôî îÃÂñý ñýÃÂïøõÃÂõàüõ ÃÂùàÃÂÃÂÃÂõ ÃÂñÃÂñôõúÃÂÃÂàúÿÃÂüÿûÿóùúÃÂàñÃÂÃÂÃÂõùàúñù ñýÃÂïøõÃÂõàñÃÂàÃÂùàøÃÂÃÂõùàÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂû÷.
ÃÂìûùÃÂÃÂñ ôõ, ÃÂÃÂÿúõùüÃÂýÿàýñ ñÃÂÿÃÂÃÂóõù ÃÂÿ øìýñÃÂÿ, ñýñúìûõÃÂõ ÃÂàûñýøñÃÂüÃÂýõàÃÂùàñýñúñûÃÂÃÂõùàÃÂÿàóùñ ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂüÃÂñý, ÃÂàýÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂüõýÿàüõ ÃÂùàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂàÃÂñÃÂñôõúÃÂÃÂàúÿÃÂüÿûÿóùúÃÂàñÃÂÃÂÃÂõùÃÂ. ÃÂÃÂÃÂù ÷ ÃÂõÃÂì ÃÂþÃÂÃÂñÃÂ÷ üõÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂõ ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂÿùýî ÃÂÿàøñýìÃÂÿàÃÂõ úñÃÂâ ÿïúÿý ÃÂõÃÂùÿÃÂùÃÂüÃÂ, ÃÂÃÂÿàúñù ÃÂõûùúì ÃÂÃÂøñýõ ñÃÂàÃÂàÃÂùúàøìýñÃÂÿ.
àáÃÂûÿàÃÂÿàä÷ûõÃÂúÃÂÃÂùÿÃÂ
ÃÂõýÃÂÃÂùúàÃÂÃÂûÿ ÃÂÃÂ÷ý õþÃÂûùþ÷ ÃÂ÷àóýÃÂÃÂ÷àóùñ ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ÃÂÃÂõùþõ ÷ ñýñúìûàÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàÃÂ÷ûõÃÂúÃÂÃÂùÿà.
ÃÂõÃÂì ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ñýñúìûàÃÂ÷ ñàÃÂî, ÷ ÃÂÃÂõàýñ ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàñÃÂÃÂïöõù ýñ ÃÂñïÃÂýõù ÃÂ÷ üÿÃÂÃÂî üùñàõÃÂùÃÂÃÂ÷üÿýùúîàõÃÂóñÃÂïñÃÂ. ÃÂõ ÃÂ÷ òÿîøõùñ ñàÃÂÿàÃÂÿàÿÃÂóìýÿà, õÃÂùÃÂõÃÂÃÂø÷úõ ÷ ôùõÃÂÃÂàýÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂý ÿÃÂñÃÂÃÂý ÃÂÃÂÿý ìýøÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ ÿÃÂïÃÂý ÃÂÿà.
ÃÂÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ֟ÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂÿàÿ ÃÂñûùûñïÿàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂõ, óùñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿÃÂì ÃÂÿ ÃÂ÷ûõÃÂúÃÂÃÂùÿ ÃÂÃÂÿàÃÂÿý ÿàÃÂñýàúñù õïôõ ÃÂñ ÿàÃÂìýùñ ÃÂÃÂüñÃÂñ üõóõýøàüÃÂýñ, óõóÿýÃÂàÃÂÿàôõý õïÃÂõ ÃÂàüòõï ÃÂÿÃÂàüÃÂÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÃÂÃÂõ, ÷ ñýøÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ ìûûñþõ üùñ óùñ ÃÂìýÃÂñ. ÃÂùñ ÃÂñÃÂìôõùóüñ îÃÂñý ÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿàÃÂÿàõïôõ ÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂìýàÃÂÃÂ÷ ãõûîý÷, ÃÂÿààôÿÃÂàÃÂÃÂÃÂÿààÃÂÿàÃÂïñ, ÃÂÿ üùÃÂÿÃÂÃÂóóñÃÂÿ ÃÂֈÃÂÃÂÃÂÿôïÃÂ÷ÃÂ, ÃÂÿààôñúÃÂàûïÿààÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂÃÂýÿàúñù ÃÂùàú÷ûïôõàÃÂÿàÃÂûùÿà.
ÃÂÃÂñý ÿ ÃÂñûùûñïÿàñýñúÃÂïýÃÂÃÂõ ÃÂÃÂù õïôõ üõ ÃÂÿ ÃÂ÷ûõÃÂúÃÂÃÂùàÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂ÷ý ãõûîý÷, ÿ ÃÂùûÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÿàCesare Cremonini îÃÂñý ÃÂýñàñÃÂàñàÃÂÿÃÂàÃÂÿàñÃÂýîø÷úñý ñúÃÂüñ úñù ýñ õûÃÂóþÿàý úÿùÃÂÃÂýÃÂñÃÂ, ùÃÂÃÂàÃÂùöÃÂüõýÿàÃÂÃÂù ÿ ÃÂÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂû÷àõïÃÂõ ñÃÂÿôõïþõï ÃÂÃÂù ÷ ãõûîý÷ îÃÂñý ÃÂÃÂûõùñ ÃÂÃÂñïÃÂñ. ÃÂýìûÿóñ ÃÂÃÂÿòûîüñÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂúàÃÂñý ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ñýñúìûàÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂý ÷ûùñúÃÂý ú÷ûïôÃÂý.
ÃÂñÃÂì ÃÂñÃÂÃÂüÿùÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ ìûûñþõ ÃÂÃÂñý ÿ ìýøÃÂÃÂÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂõ, óùñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿÃÂì, ÃÂÿ üùúÃÂÿÃÂúÃÂÃÂùÿ ÃÂÃÂÿàÿÃÂùôîÃÂÿÃÂõ ÃÂÿ ÃÂüÃÂàÃÂÿ úñù ìÃÂàÃÂÿ úñù õïôõ ÃÂ÷ ôÿüî ÃÂÿàÃÂ.
ãÃÂ÷ ÃÂ÷üõÃÂùýî üìûùÃÂÃÂñ õÃÂÿÃÂî, üõ ÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂùüÿÃÂÿï÷ÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂý ÷ûõúÃÂÃÂÿýùúÃÂý úñÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂùúÃÂý ÃÂ÷ûõÃÂúÿÃÂïÃÂý, ÃÂñ ÿÃÂÿïñ ÃÂñÃÂÿàÃÂùìöÿàý ÃÂÿûàüùúÃÂî ôùìøûñÃÂ÷ úñù ñþùÃÂûÿó÷ ùúñýÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ üõóÃÂøàýÃÂ÷ÃÂ, ôÃÂø÷úõ ÷ ôàýñÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ ýñ üõûõÃÂ÷øÿÃÂý úÃÂÃÂüÿù ÃÂÿàñÃÂÃÂÃÂÿàý õúñÃÂÿüüÃÂÃÂùñ ÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂàñÃÂàÃÂ÷ ÃÂ÷.
ÃÂõÃÂÃÂÃÂý úñù ÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ
äÿ ÃÂÃÂÿàÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂøñýõ ÿ ÃÂñûùûñïÿÃÂ, ô÷û. ÃÂÿ 1642, óõýýîø÷úõ ÃÂýñàìûûÿÃÂ, õÃÂïÃÂֈÃÂÿûàüõóìûÿàõÃÂùÃÂÃÂîüÃÂý, ÿ ÃÂÃÂõÃÂñýÃÂàÃÂÃÂñìú ÃÂõÃÂÃÂÃÂý ÿ ÿÃÂÿïÿÃÂ, ÃÂÃÂÃÂàúñù ÿ ÃÂñûùûñïÿÃÂ, ÃÂö÷ÃÂõ üÃÂÃÂÃÂù ÃÂñ òñøùì ÃÂÿàó÷ÃÂñÃÂõùì (1642-1727). àÃÂõÃÂÃÂÃÂýñàô÷üÿÃÂïõàÃÂõ ÃÂÿ 1687 ÃÂÿ òùòûïÿ ÃÂÿàüõ ÃÂïÃÂûÿ ëæùûÿÃÂÿÃÂïñ ÃÂÃÂý æàÃÂùúÃÂý ÃÂÃÂùÃÂÃÂ֟ÃÂýû, ÃÂýñ ñÃÂàÃÂñ ÃÂ÷üñýÃÂùúÃÂÃÂõÃÂñ òùòûïñ ÃÂ÷àñýøÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñàñÃÂÿàõÃÂ÷ÃÂÃÂñÃÂõ òñøÃÂÃÂñÃÂñ ÃÂ÷ý ñýÃÂïû÷ÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàñýøÃÂÃÂÃÂÿàóùñ ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý. ÃÂúõï ÿ ÃÂõÃÂÃÂÃÂý, üõ òìÃÂ÷ ÃÂ÷ øõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂ÷àòñÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñÃÂ, ôùñÃÂàÃÂÃÂýõù ÃÂ÷ üñø÷üñÃÂùúî øõüõûïÃÂÃÂ÷, ÃÂÿàúñûÃÂÃÂÃÂõù úñù õÃÂñû÷øõÃÂõù ÃÂÃÂù üÃÂýÿ ÃÂñ õàÃÂîüñÃÂñ ÃÂÿàÃÂñûùûñïÿàóùñ ÃÂÿ ÃÂûùñúàüñàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷üñ, ñûûì úñù óùñ ÃÂÿ óñûñþïñ üñÃÂ, úñù óùñ ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂüÃÂñý ÿûÃÂúû÷ÃÂÿ.
ÃÂÃÂÃÂàÃÂÃÂÿñýÃÂÃÂÃÂø÷úõ, ÃÂÃÂùý ñÃÂàÃÂÿ ÃÂõÃÂÃÂÃÂýñ àÃÂîÃÂþñý ôàÿ òñÃÂùúÃÂàñÃÂÃÂÃÂõùàóùñ ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý: àÃÂõÃÂúõýÃÂÃÂùúî (ÃÂÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂû÷ÃÂ, àÃÂÿûõüñïÿÃÂ) úñù ÷ ÃÂûùÿúõýÃÂÃÂùúî (ÃÂÃÂïÃÂÃÂñÃÂÃÂÿÃÂ, ÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂýùúÿÃÂ, ÃÂñûùûñïÿÃÂ).
àÃÂõÃÂÃÂÃÂý îÃÂøõ ýñ ÃÂÿ úìýõù ñúÃÂüñ üõóñûÃÂÃÂõÃÂÿ óùñÃÂï ùÃÂÃÂàÃÂïÃÂÃÂ÷úõ ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý õïýñù ìÃÂõùÃÂÿ, úñù ÃÂàõú ÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÿàôõý àÃÂìÃÂÃÂõù úìÃÂÿùÿ ÃÂ÷üõïÿ ÃÂÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ÃÂÿàýñ õïýñù ÃÂÿ úÃÂýÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂÿàúÃÂÃÂüÿà.
àôõ ÃÂ÷ õïýñù ÃÂýñàÃÂàý÷øùÃÂüÃÂýÿàÃÂûñýîÃÂ÷àüÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂõ ÃÂýñ ÃÂñûñþïñ, ÃÂÿ ôõ ãÃÂüÃÂñý õïýñù ìÃÂõùÃÂÿ úñù ñÃÂÿÃÂõûõïÃÂñù ñÃÂàôùÃÂõúñÃÂÿüüÃÂÃÂùñ ÃÂñûñþïõÃÂ.
àÃÂàüòÿûî ÃÂ÷àãÃÂõÃÂùúÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñÃÂ
ãÃÂùàñÃÂÃÂÃÂàÃÂÿàõùúÿÃÂÃÂÿàñùÃÂýñ üùñ ÃÂùÿýÿÃÂÃÂùòìôñ ñÃÂàñýñúñûÃÂÃÂõùàìûûñþñý ñúÃÂüñ ÃÂñÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂ÷ý ñýÃÂïû÷ÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàñýøÃÂÃÂÃÂÿà, ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ óùñ ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂüÃÂñý (ÃÂÿý üñúÃÂÃÂúÿÃÂüÿ), ÃÂÃÂÿ úñù óùñ ÃÂ÷ ôÿüî ÃÂֈÃÂû÷à(ÃÂÿý üùúÃÂÃÂúÿÃÂüÿ). äÿ 1915, ÿ ÃÂàÃÂùúÃÂàEinstein, ô÷üÿÃÂïõàÃÂõ ÃÂÿ òùòûïÿ ÃÂÿàüõ ÃÂïÃÂûÿ ëàÃÂõýùúõàüÃÂý÷ ÃÂõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂ÷àãÃÂõÃÂùúÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñÃÂû, ÃÂýñ òùòûïÿ ñýìûÿó÷ÃÂ, ïÃÂÃÂàúñù üõóñûÃÂÃÂõÃÂֈÃÂ÷üñÃÂïñàüõ ñàÃÂàÃÂÿàÃÂõÃÂÃÂÃÂýñ. àEinstein òõûÃÂùÃÂýõù ÃÂ÷ý ñýÃÂïû÷ÃÂî üñàóùñ ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý, ôùÿÃÂøÃÂýÿýÃÂñàúñù ÃÂàüÃÂû÷ÃÂÃÂýÿýÃÂñàÃÂÿý ÃÂõÃÂÃÂÃÂýñ ÃÂõ ÃÂÿûûì ÃÂ÷üõïñ.
ÃÂùñÃÂÿÃÂÃÂàÃÂõàÃÂÃÂýõùÿàúñù ãÃÂõÃÂùúùÃÂÃÂùúÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ
ÃÂùñ ÃÂñÃÂìôõùóüñ, ÿ ÃÂõÃÂÃÂÃÂýñàøõÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂõ ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂüÃÂñý õïýñù ÃÂÃÂñøõÃÂÃÂ, üõ ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂýýÿùñ ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂûñ ÃÂñ ÿàÃÂìýùñ ÃÂÃÂüñÃÂñ àÃÂîÃÂþñý ñýÃÂúñøõý ÃÂÃÂÃÂàõïýñù ÃÂîüõÃÂñ úñù ÃÂÃÂù úùýÿÃÂýÃÂñù ñÃÂüÿýùúì ÃÂÃÂÿý ÿàÃÂñýÃÂ. ÃÂüÃÂÃÂ, ÃÂÃÂüÃÂÃÂýñ üõ ÃÂÿ ýÃÂüÿ ÃÂ÷àòñÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñÃÂ, øñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂõ ÃÂÿ ÃÂýñ ÿàÃÂìýùÿ ÃÂÃÂüñ ýñ õûúÃÂõù úñù õÃÂÿüÃÂýÃÂàýñ ÃÂû÷ÃÂùìöõù ÃÂÿ ìûûÿ úñù ÃÂÃÂÃÂù ÃÂùóì-ÃÂùóì ÃÂûñ ÃÂñ ÿàÃÂìýùñ ÃÂÃÂüñÃÂñ ýñ üñöõàÃÂÿÃÂý ÃÂâ ÃÂýñ ÃÂ÷üõïÿ, ÃÂÿ ÃÂýñ õÃÂìýàÃÂÃÂÿ ìûûÿ, ÃÂñý ÃÂýñàÃÂÿûàüõóìûÿàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂàñÃÂàÿàÃÂìýùñ ÃÂÃÂüñÃÂñ. äÿ óùñÃÂï ñàÃÂàôõý ÃÂàüòñïýõù ôõý üÃÂÿÃÂÿÃÂÃÂõ ýñ ÃÂÿ õþ÷óîÃÂõù úñù ÃÂÿ ñÃÂÃÂôùôõ ÃÂõ øõÃÂúî ôÃÂýñü÷, ÃÂÿàúÃÂñÃÂÿÃÂÃÂõ ÃÂñ ÿàÃÂìýùñ ÃÂÃÂüñÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂüÃÂñý ÃÂÃÂùàøÃÂÃÂõùàÃÂÿààúñù õÃÂÿüÃÂýÃÂàÿûÃÂúû÷ÃÂÿ ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂüÃÂñý ÃÂõ ÃÂÃÂñøõÃÂî úñÃÂìÃÂÃÂñÃÂ÷. ÃÂõ ÃÂ÷ý ìÃÂÿÃÂ÷ ñàÃÂî ÃÂàüÃÂÃÂý÷ÃÂõ ÿàÃÂùñÃÂÃÂùúì úñù ÿ ÃÂÃÂýÃÂÃÂìùý, ñûûì ôùñÃÂÃÂý÷ÃÂõ õý üÃÂÃÂõù àÃÂÿÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂïöÿýÃÂñàÃÂÃÂù úìÃÂÿùñ ÿàÃÂìýùñ ÃÂÃÂüñÃÂñ üÃÂÿÃÂÿÃÂý ýâ ñûûÿùÃÂøÿÃÂý, ÃÂÃÂÃÂàÃÂ.ÃÂ. ÃÂýñàüõóìûÿàñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñàýñ úñÃÂñÃÂÃÂõÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂõ ñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñ ýõÃÂÃÂÿýïÃÂý î ýñ óïýõù üùñ üñÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñ. ÃÂâ ñàÃÂî ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂýýÿùñ, ÿ ÃÂÃÂýÃÂÃÂìùý àÃÂÿÃÂÃÂîÃÂùöõ ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂüÃÂñý ôõý õïýñù ÃÂÃÂñøõÃÂÃÂ, ñûûì ôàýñüùúÃÂ.
çÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýÿÃÂ
àüõóìû÷ ÃÂàüòÿûî ÃÂÿàEinstein ÿÃÂõïûõÃÂñù ÃÂÃÂ÷ý õùÃÂñóÃÂóî üùñàýÃÂñàÃÂýýÿùñàÃÂàòìÃÂ÷àüõûÃÂÃÂ÷àúñù õÃÂü÷ýõïñàÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ, ÃÂֈÃÂýýÿùñàÃÂÿàçÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýÿà.
àÃÂÃÂùÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂû÷ààÃÂÿÃÂÃÂîÃÂùöõ ÃÂÃÂù úñù ÿ çÃÂÃÂÿàúñù ÿ çÃÂÃÂýÿàõïýñù ñÃÂÃÂûàÃÂÿù.
àÃÂõÃÂÃÂÃÂý àÃÂÿÃÂÃÂîÃÂùöõ ÃÂÃÂù ÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿàõïýñù ÃÂÃÂõÃÂùúÃÂÃÂ, ñûûì ÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂýÿàõïýñù ñÃÂÃÂûàÃÂÿÃÂ.
àEinstein ñÃÂÃÂôõùþõ ÃÂÃÂù úñù ÿ XÃÂÃÂýÿàúñù ÿ çÃÂÃÂÿàõïýñù ÃÂýÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂõàÃÂÃÂõÃÂùúÃÂàúñù ñôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂùÃÂÃÂõàúñù ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý àÃÂìÃÂÃÂõù úñù õþõûïÃÂÃÂõÃÂñù üÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÿ çÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýÿ.
ÃÂùñÃÂÃÂÿûî ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ
äÿ 1929, ÿ Edwin Hubble (1888-1953), ñÃÂÃÂôõùþõ ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ôõý õïýñù ÃÂÃÂÃÂàÃÂÿ ÃÂñýÃÂìÃÂÃÂ÷úñý ÿ ÃÂõÃÂÃÂÃÂý úñù ÿ Einstein, ñûûì õïýñù ÃÂýñ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ÃÂÿàÃÂàýõÃÂÃÂàôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂûûõÃÂñù. ãàóúõúÃÂùüÃÂýñ, ñýñúìûàÃÂõ ÃÂÃÂù ÿù ÃÂñûñþïõàñÃÂÿüñúÃÂÃÂýÿýÃÂñù üõÃÂñþàÃÂÿààüõ üõóìû÷ ÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ, ÷ ôõ ÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ ñàÃÂî üõóñûÃÂýõù (óÃÂñüüùúì), ÃÂÃÂñý üõóñûÃÂýõù úñù ÷ ñÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàñÃÂÿüñúÃÂàýÃÂüõýÿàóñûñþïñ. àñýñúìûàÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàHubble ìÃÂ÷ÃÂõ úñÃÂìÃÂû÷úÃÂÿ ÃÂÿý Einstein, úñøÃÂàûÃÂóõÃÂñù ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÃÂñý ÃÂû÷ÃÂÿÃÂÿÃÂîø÷úõ ÃÂ÷ý ñýñúìûàÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàHubble ñýñÃÂÃÂý÷ÃÂõ: ëÃÂàÃÂàÃÂÿ ûìøÿàÃÂÿàÃÂúñýñ õïýñù ÃÂÿ üõóñûÃÂÃÂõÃÂÿ ÃÂ÷àöÃÂîàüÿàû (ô÷û. ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂïÃÂÃÂõàõ ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ôõý ôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂûûõÃÂñù ÿÃÂÃÂõ ÃÂàÃÂÃÂÃÂûûõÃÂñù, ñûûì ÃÂñÃÂñüÃÂýõù ÃÂÃÂñøõÃÂÃÂ).
àñýñúìûàÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàHubble ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂûûõÃÂñù ìûûñþõ ÃÂùöùúì ÃÂ÷ý ñýÃÂïû÷ÃÂî üñàóùñ ñàÃÂÃÂ. äÿ ÃÂÃÂù ôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂûûõÃÂñù ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ÃÂ÷üñïýõù ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÃÂÿ÷óÿàüÃÂýÃÂàîÃÂñý ÃÂùÿ üùúÃÂÃÂ. ÃÂìûùÃÂÃÂñ, ÃÂ÷óñïýÿýÃÂñàÃÂÿûàÃÂïÃÂàÃÂÃÂÿ çÃÂÃÂýÿ ÃÂÿ ÃÂñïýõÃÂñù ýñ îÃÂñý ÃÂýñ àûùúàÃÂ÷üõïÿ. ÃÂù ÃÂÃÂóÃÂÃÂÿýÿù ñÃÂÃÂÃÂÿÃÂàÃÂùúÿï, üõÃÂñþàÃÂÃÂý ÿÃÂÿïÃÂý úñù ÿ ãÃÂïòõý ÃÂawking, àÃÂÿÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂïöÿàý ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÃÂìóüñÃÂù ÃÂÃÂÃÂù ÃÂóùýõ, ÃÂÃÂù ô÷û. ÃÂûñ ìÃÂÃÂùÃÂñý üõ ÃÂ÷ ÃÂõóìû÷ ÃÂúÃÂ÷þ÷ úñù ÃÂúÃÂÿÃÂõ ñàÃÂàôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂûûõÃÂñù ÃÂàýõÃÂÃÂÃÂ. äÿ óõóÿýÃÂàÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂûûõÃÂñù, ÃÂÃÂÃÂàîÃÂñý ñýñüõýÃÂüõýÿ, üõÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂõ ÃÂÿ øÃÂüñ ÃÂ÷àô÷üùÿàÃÂóïñàÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàñÃÂàÃÂÿý ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂֈÃÂõÃÂñÃÂàÃÂùúîàúñù ÃÂֈÃÂõÿûÿóïñàÃÂÃÂÿý ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂֈÃÂÃÂùÃÂÃÂîü÷ÃÂ.
ãúÿÃÂõùýî ÃÂû÷ úñù ãúÿÃÂõùýî ÃÂýÃÂÃÂóõùñ
àÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂñÃÂ÷ øõÃÂÃÂïñ àÃÂÿÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂïöõù ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÃÂÃÂñ ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ÃÂû÷ ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàÃÂÿàüÃÂÃÂÃÂù ÃÂîüõÃÂñ óýÃÂÃÂïöñüõ, àÃÂìÃÂÃÂõù úñù ÷ ëÃÂúÿÃÂõùýî ÃÂû÷û. àãúÿÃÂõùýî ÃÂû÷ úàÃÂùñÃÂÃÂõï ÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂüÃÂñý (ÃÂìýàñÃÂàÃÂÿ 90% ÃÂֈÃÂû÷àÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàõïýñù ÃÂúÿÃÂõùýî) úñù ÃÂñïýõÃÂñù ÃÂÃÂù ûõùÃÂÿàÃÂóõï õàõÃÂóõÃÂùúì ÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂñùýÃÂüõýÿ ÃÂ÷àôùñÃÂÃÂÿûîàÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ, ô÷û. ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂýõù ÃÂÃÂÿàÃÂñ ëÃÂþÃÂû úñù óùâ ñàÃÂàúñÃÂì úÃÂÃÂùÿ ûÃÂóÿ, ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂüÃÂñý ôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂûûõÃÂñù. ÃÂýÿüìöõÃÂñù ÃÂúÿÃÂõùýî ÃÂû÷ óùñÃÂï ôõý ñúÃÂùýÿòÿûõï úñù õÃÂÿüÃÂýÃÂàôõý ÃÂñïýõÃÂñù.
àÿûàÃÂàüÃÂñýÃÂùúÃÂàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõùÃÂ
äÃÂûÿÃÂ, ÃÂ÷üõùÃÂýÿàüõ ÃÂÃÂù àÃÂÿÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂïöõÃÂñù ÷ ìÃÂÿÃÂ÷ ÃÂÃÂù ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý ÃÂÃÂÿ ÿÃÂÿïÿ öÿÃÂüõ ôõý õïýñù ÃÂÿ üÃÂýÿ. ÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂÃÂÿàý úñù ìûûñ ãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂñ, ÃÂñ ÿÃÂÿïñ õýôÃÂÃÂõÃÂñù ýñ õïýñù ÃÂùÿ õýôùñÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýÃÂñ úñù ÃÂùÿ õýÃÂàÃÂÃÂÃÂùñúì úñù ÃÂùÿ ÃÂüÿÃÂÃÂñ ñÃÂàÃÂÿ ôùúàüñÃÂ.
ãÃÂüÃÂñý úñù æàÃÂùúÃÂàÃÂõÃÂÃÂïõÃÂ
ãîüõÃÂñ àÃÂìÃÂÃÂÿàý ôÃÂÿ òñÃÂùúÃÂàÃÂÃÂÿÃÂõóóïÃÂõùàÃÂ÷àæàÃÂùúîàóùñ ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý. àüïñ õþ÷óõï ÃÂÿý ÃÂõóìúÿÃÂüÿ (õïýñù ÷ øõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂֈÃÂÃÂõÃÂùúÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñàÃÂÿàEinstein) úñù ÷ ìûû÷ õþ÷óõï ÃÂÿý MùúÃÂÃÂúÿÃÂüÿ (õïýñù ÷ ÃÂòñýÃÂùúî ÃÂõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂÿàSchrodinger, ÃÂÿàHeisenberg, ÃÂÿàPlanck úñù ìûûÃÂý). àøõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂ÷àãÃÂõÃÂùúÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñàôõý üÃÂÿÃÂõï ýñ õÃÂü÷ýõÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂÿ ÃÂùúÃÂÃÂúÿÃÂüÿ, ñûûì ÿÃÂÃÂõ úñù ÷ ÃÂòñýÃÂÿü÷ÃÂñýùúî üÃÂÿÃÂõï ýñ õÃÂü÷ýõÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂÿý ÃÂõóìúÿÃÂüÿ.
àñýìóú÷ óùñ üïñ úñù üÃÂý÷ øõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂÿàøñ õïýñù ùúñýî ýñ õÃÂü÷ýõÃÂÃÂõù úñù ÃÂÿý üñúÃÂÃÂúÿÃÂüÿ úñù ÃÂÿý üùúÃÂÃÂúÿÃÂüÿ õïýñù ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂñýîÃÂ. ÃÂùñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿùñ øõÃÂÃÂïñ ÿýÿüìöõÃÂñù ëõýÿÃÂ؝֟ÃÂý÷ øõÃÂÃÂïñû î ëÃÂõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂÿààñýÃÂÃÂÃÂû. ÃÂùñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿùñ øõÃÂÃÂïñ õÃÂùôùÃÂúÿàý ÃÂùàÃÂõûõàÃÂñïõàôõúñõÃÂïõàÃÂÿûûÿï øõÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂùúÿï ÃÂàÃÂùúÿï ñÃÂñýÃÂñÃÂÿàÃÂֈÃÂ÷ÃÂ, ñûûì ñúÃÂüñ ôõý ÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÿàý úñÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂõù (ÿ Einstein ñÃÂùÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõ ÃÂñ ÃÂõûõàÃÂñïñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ ÃÂ÷àöÃÂîàÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂÿ øÃÂüñ ÃÂ÷àøõÃÂÃÂïñàÃÂÃÂý ÃÂìýÃÂÃÂý, ÃÂÃÂÃÂïàÃÂüÃÂàõÃÂùÃÂàÃÂïñ).
ãÃÂüÃÂñý úñù ÃÂÃÂî
àöÃÂî õïýñù ÃÂýñ ÃÂñùýÃÂüõýÿ ùôùñïÃÂõÃÂֈÃÂ÷üñÃÂïñàóùñ ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý. àøÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂ÷àöÃÂîàüÃÂÃÂñ ÃÂõ ñàÃÂàøñ ÃÂõÃÂùóÃÂñÃÂõï ÃÂõ ùôùñïÃÂõÃÂÿ ìÃÂøÃÂÿ ÃÂÿàøñ ôùñüÿÃÂÃÂÃÂøõï ÃÂÃÂ÷ý õóúàúûÿÃÂñïôõùñ.
ãÃÂüÃÂñý úñù ÃÂõÃÂÃÂ
àÃÂÃÂñÃÂþ÷ ÷ ü÷ õýÃÂàÃÂõÿà- ÃÂ÷üùÿàÃÂóÿàÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàõïýñù ÃÂýñ, õÃÂïÃÂ÷ÃÂ, ÃÂÿûàñúñýøÃÂôõàöîÃÂ÷üñ. àÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂֈÃÂýýÿùñà"ÃÂõÃÂÃÂ" üõ ÃÂÿ ãÃÂüÃÂñý øñ ÃÂõÃÂùóÃÂñÃÂõï ÃÂõ ùôùñïÃÂõÃÂÿ ìÃÂøÃÂÿ ÃÂÿàøñ ôùñüÿÃÂÃÂÃÂøõï ÃÂÃÂ÷ý õóúàúûÿÃÂñïôõùñ.
ÃÂÃÂôõúñ ÃÂýñÃÂìýÃÂ÷ÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂîüñÃÂñ
ÃÂù ôÃÂôõúñ úÃÂïÃÂùüõàõÃÂÃÂÃÂîÃÂõùàÃÂÿà÷ ñÃÂìýÃÂ÷ÃÂî ÃÂÿààñóýÿõïÃÂñù î ñüÃÂùÃÂò÷ÃÂõïÃÂñù (ñûûì ÃÂñàÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÿýñ, øõÃÂÃÂõïÃÂñù ìúÃÂÃÂàñÃÂñÃÂñïÃÂ÷ÃÂ÷ óùñ ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂõÃÂñùÃÂÃÂÃÂàúñÃÂñýÃÂ÷ÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ) õïýñù:
- àÿùÃÂàõïýñù ÿù üìöõàÃÂÃÂý ýõÃÂÃÂïýÃÂý, úñù ÃÂÃÂàÃÂÃÂÿàý ôùñüÿÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõù ÃÂ÷ý õþÃÂûùþ÷ ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ;
- ÃÂïýñù ÃÂñ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂýùñ ñÃÂÃÂñøî;
- àÃÂàÃÂÃÂÿîûøñý ÃÂñ ÃÂ÷üùúì ÃÂÃÂÿùÃÂõïñ ñÃÂàÃÂÿý ÃÂïô÷ÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂàÃÂÿ ÿàÃÂìýùÿ;
- ÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂÃÂÿàý ýÃÂõàúñÃÂñÃÂÃÂìÃÂõùàÃÂֈÃÂû÷àÃÂÃÂùàõþñùÃÂõÃÂùúì àÃÂ÷ûÃÂàÃÂàúýÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂõàúñù øõÃÂüÿúÃÂñÃÂïõÃÂ;
- ÃÂïýñù ÷ ÃÂòñýÃÂùúî ÃÂõÃÂÃÂïñ ÷ ñúÃÂùòîàøõÃÂÃÂïñ óùñ ÃÂÿý ÃÂùúÃÂÃÂúÿÃÂüÿ úñù ÃÂÿ æÃÂàî ñÃÂñùÃÂõïÃÂñù üùñ ýÃÂñ øõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂÃÂùààÃÂ÷ûÃÂÃÂõÃÂõàõýÃÂÃÂóõùõÃÂ;
- ÃÂïýñù ÷ ÃÂõýùúî ãÃÂõÃÂùúÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ ÃÂÿàEinstein ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂñÃÂ÷ úñù ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂî øõÃÂÃÂïñ óùñ ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂñÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂñ;
- ÃÂïýñù ÷ øõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂÿàBig Bang ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂî øõÃÂÃÂïñ óùñ ÃÂ÷ý ÃÂ÷üùÿàÃÂóïñ ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ;
- ÃÂÃÂàÃÂÿùì ÃÂÃÂüñÃÂïôùñ ñÃÂÿÃÂõûõïÃÂñù ÷ ãúÿÃÂõùýî ÃÂû÷;
- àÿùì õïýñù ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂ÷ ÃÂ÷àãúÿÃÂõùýîàÃÂýÃÂÃÂóõùñÃÂ;
- ÃÂïýñù ÷ ÃÂõÃÂÃÂïñ çÿÃÂôÃÂý ÷ ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂî øõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂýÿÃÂÿï÷ÃÂֈÃÂûÃÂý ÃÂÃÂý àõôïÃÂý úñù õÃÂÿüÃÂýÃÂà÷ ÃÂõÃÂÃÂïñ ÃÂÿààñýÃÂÃÂÃÂ;
- ÃÂ¥ÃÂìÃÂÃÂÿàý ÿù àÃÂÃÂÃÂøõÃÂõàÃÂùñÃÂÃÂìÃÂõùàô÷û. ìûûõàÃÂÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÿýùúÃÂàôùñÃÂÃÂìÃÂõùÃÂ;
- àÃÂÿñÃÂñùÃÂõïÃÂñù ÷ ÃÂÃÂñÃÂþ÷ ÃÂõÿà- ÃÂ÷üùÿàÃÂóÿàóùñ ÃÂ÷ý óÃÂýõÃÂ÷ ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ;
ÃÂùòûùÿóÃÂñÃÂïñ
- ÃÂntroduction to Cosmology, J.V.Narlikar, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1993
- The First Three Minutes: A Modern View of the Origin of the Universe, David Weinberg, BasicBooks
- àÃÂÃÂñÃÂÃÂî ÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ, John Barrow, ÃÂúô. ÃÂìÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂÿ, 1995
- Perspectives in Astrophysical Cosmology, Martin Rees, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1995
- The Quest for the Cosmological Parameters, Manolis Plionis, Springer Lecture Notes in Physics Vol. 592, p.147, eds. Cotsakis & Papantonopoulos, 2002
ÃÂûû÷ýùúî ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿóÃÂñÃÂïñ
- äÿ ÃÂñÃÂÃÂý ìÃÂøÃÂÿ ÃÂÃÂ÷ÃÂïöõÃÂñù ÃÂÃÂÿ ìÃÂøÃÂÿ ñàÃÂàÃÂֈLivepedia
- [ http://www.astro.noa.gr/journal/Periodic/journal_03plionis.htm ÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂÿÃÂúÿÃÂõïÿ ÃÂø÷ýÃÂý]
- ÃÂïñ ÃÂÿûàõý÷üõÃÂÃÂÃÂùúî ÃÂÃÂÿÃÂÃÂÃÂóóùÃÂ÷ ÃÂֈÃÂýýÿùñàÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿÃÂ
- Neo.gr - àÃÂû÷ÃÂÃÂÃÂÃÂõÃÂ÷ ùÃÂÃÂÿÃÂïñ ÃÂֈÃÂþÃÂûùþ÷àÃÂÿàãÃÂüÃÂñýÃÂÿàÃÂÃÂÿ ÃÂûû÷ýùúàÃÂùñôïúÃÂàÿ
ÃÂóóûùúî ÃÂÃÂÃÂÿóÃÂñÃÂïñ
(ÃÂîÃÂø÷úõ ñÃÂàÃÂ÷ý ÃÂóóûùúî Wikipedia)
- Stephen Hawking's Universe - Where do we come from? How did the universe begin? Why is the universe the way it is? How will it end?
- Richard Powell: An Atlas of the Universe - a series of images at various scales, with explanations.
- Cosmos - an "illustrated dimensional journey from microcosmos to macrocosmos"
- Age of the Universe at Space.Com
- My So-Called Universe by Jim Holt, on various arguments for and against an infinite universe and parallel universes
- Parallel Universes by Max Tegmark
- Logarithmic Maps of the Universe
- Seti@Home - the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
- Universe - Space Information Centre by Exploreuniverse.com
- Number of Galaxies in the Universe
- Size of the Universe at Space.Com
- Illustration comparing the sizes of the planets with each other, the sun, and other stars